Nephroma laevigatum Ach.

Syn. Meth. Lich.: 242, 1814.
Synonyms: Nephroma lusitanicum Schaer.; Nephroma lusitanicum var. subreagens Gyeln.; Nephroma sublusitanicum Gyeln.; Nephroma subpubescens Gyeln.; Nephromium laevigatum (Ach.) Nyl.; Nephromium lusitanicum (Schaer.) Nyl.
Distribution: N - VG, Frl, Ven (Lazzarin 1997, Caniglia & al. 1999), TAA (Nascimbene & al. 2007b, 2022, Nimis & al. 2015), Lomb, Piem (Isocrono & al. 2004), VA (Piervittori & Isocrono 1999), Emil (Benesperi 2009, Fariselli & al. 2020), Lig (Brunialti & al. 1999, Giordani & al. 2002, Brunialti & Giordani 2003, Benco & al. 2004). C - Tosc (Tretiach & Nimis 1994, Paoli & Loppi 2001, Benesperi & al. 2007, Brunialti & Frati 2010, Benesperi 2011), Umb (Ravera 1998, Ravera & al. 2006), Laz (Massari & Ravera 2002, Brackel 2015), Abr (Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Caporale & al. 2016), Mol (Paoli & al. 2015, Brackel 2020), Sar (Nöske 2000, Loi & al. 2000, Zedda 2002, 2002b, Zedda & al. 2001, Rizzi & al. 2011, Cossu 2013, Di Nuzzo & al. 2022). S - Camp (Puntillo & al. 2000, Aprile & al. 2003b, Nimis & Tretiach 2004, Catalano & al. 2010, 2016, Nascimbene & al. 2010b, Garofalo & al. 2010, Brunialti & al. 2013, Ravera & Brunialti 2013), Pugl, Bas (Bartoli & Puntillo 1998, Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Potenza 2006, Potenza & Fascetti 2010, Brackel 2011), Cal (Puntillo 1995, 1996, Puntillo & Puntillo 2004, Incerti & Nimis 2006, Stofer 2006), Si (Ottonello & Romano 1997, Merlo 2004, 2004b, Stofer 2006, Brackel 2008b, Ottonello & al. 2011, Cataldo & Ravera 2013).
Description: Thallus foliose, heteromerous and dorsiventral, loosely attached, fragmentary or forming 3-10(-15) cm wide rosettes. Lobes leathery, 5-10(-15) mm wide, the upper surface smooth, glossy, brown-grey to grey-blue when dry, dark blue-grey when wet; lower surface pale brown, darker towards the center, not tomentose, smooth to longitudinally striate. Upper and lower cortex pseudoparenchymatous; medulla ochre-yellow. Apothecia frequent, on lower surface at apices of lobes, 0.5-1 cm across, reniform or oval, the disc brown, the dorsal surface conspicuously scabrid-areolate and ridged. Epithecium brownish; hymenium colourless, c. 70 μm high; paraphyses simple, coherent; hypothecium colourless to yellowish. Asci 8-spored, fissitunicate, the thickened apex with a K/I+ blue ring, Peltigera-type. Ascospores 3-septate, brownish, broadly ellipsoid, 16-20 x 5-7 µm. Pycnidia rare, immersed. Conidia bacilliform, 4-5 x 1- 2 µm. Photobiont: cyanobacterial ( Nostoc, the cells not in long chains). Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ pink to red. Chemistry: emodine and hopane triterpenoids in the medulla.
Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical lichen found on bark, epiphytic bryophytes and mossy rocks in humid, open forests; this is the most frequent species of Nephroma in the country, descending to sea level in Tyrrhenian Italy.
Growth form: Foliose, broad lobed
Substrata: bark
Photobiont: cyanobacteria, filamentous (e.g. Nostoc, Scytonema)
Reproductive strategy: mainly sexual
Most common in areas with a humid-warm climate (e.g. most of Tyrrenian Italy)

Commonnes-rarity: (info)

Alpine belt: absent
Subalpine belt: absent
Oromediterranean belt: absent
Montane belt: rather rare
Submediterranean belt: extremely rare
Padanian area: absent
Humid submediterranean belt: rare
Humid mediterranean belt: extremely rare
Dry mediterranean belt: absent

pH of the substrata:

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Solar irradiation:

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Aridity:

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Eutrophication:

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Poleotolerance:

0123

Altitudinal distribution:

123456


Predictive model
Herbarium samples

Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=310&lang=en
France, Lesteven



P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (8276)
2001/11/27
exposed yellow medulla



P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (8276)
2001/11/27


Triin Aimla; Owner: University of Tartu



Andrea Moro; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Italia, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, UD, Comune di Sauris, Bosco della Stua presso il Lago
2008.26.08



Andrea Moro; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Italia, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, UD, Comune di Sauris, Bosco della Stua presso il Lago
2008.26.08


Leif Stridvall - Source: http://www.stridvall.se/la/galleries.php



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[12383], Griechenland, N-Samos, südlich Avlakia an der Straße oberhalb Vourliotes nördlich des Bergmassivs Lazarou, 37°48' N, 26°51' E, ca. 840 m. Leg. Düll, Maier, Schumm 03.05.2006, det. Schumm 2006



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[12383], Griechenland, N-Samos, südlich Avlakia an der Straße oberhalb Vourliotes nördlich des Bergmassivs Lazarou, 37°48' N, 26°51' E, ca. 840 m. Leg. Düll, Maier, Schumm 03.05.2006, det. Schumm 2006



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[12383], Griechenland, N-Samos, südlich Avlakia an der Straße oberhalb Vourliotes nördlich des Bergmassivs Lazarou, 37°48' N, 26°51' E, ca. 840 m. Leg. Düll, Maier, Schumm 03.05.2006, det. Schumm 2006



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[12383], Griechenland, N-Samos, südlich Avlakia an der Straße oberhalb Vourliotes nördlich des Bergmassivs Lazarou, 37°48' N, 26°51' E, ca. 840 m. Leg. Düll, Maier, Schumm 03.05.2006, det. Schumm 2006



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[12383], Griechenland, N-Samos, südlich Avlakia an der Straße oberhalb Vourliotes nördlich des Bergmassivs Lazarou, 37°48' N, 26°51' E, ca. 840 m. Leg. Düll, Maier, Schumm 03.05.2006, det. Schumm 2006



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[12383], Griechenland, N-Samos, südlich Avlakia an der Straße oberhalb Vourliotes nördlich des Bergmassivs Lazarou, 37°48' N, 26°51' E, ca. 840 m. Leg. Düll, Maier, Schumm 03.05.2006, det. Schumm 2006



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[12383], Griechenland, N-Samos, südlich Avlakia an der Straße oberhalb Vourliotes nördlich des Bergmassivs Lazarou, 37°48' N, 26°51' E, ca. 840 m. Leg. Düll, Maier, Schumm 03.05.2006, det. Schumm 2006



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[12383], Griechenland, N-Samos, südlich Avlakia an der Straße oberhalb Vourliotes nördlich des Bergmassivs Lazarou, 37°48' N, 26°51' E, ca. 840 m. Leg. Düll, Maier, Schumm 03.05.2006, det. Schumm 2006



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[12383], Griechenland, N-Samos, südlich Avlakia an der Straße oberhalb Vourliotes nördlich des Bergmassivs Lazarou, 37°48' N, 26°51' E, ca. 840 m. Leg. Düll, Maier, Schumm 03.05.2006, det. Schumm 2006



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[12383], Griechenland, N-Samos, südlich Avlakia an der Straße oberhalb Vourliotes nördlich des Bergmassivs Lazarou, 37°48' N, 26°51' E, ca. 840 m. Leg. Düll, Maier, Schumm 03.05.2006, det. Schumm 2006



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[12383], Griechenland, N-Samos, südlich Avlakia an der Straße oberhalb Vourliotes nördlich des Bergmassivs Lazarou, 37°48' N, 26°51' E, ca. 840 m. Leg. Düll, Maier, Schumm 03.05.2006, det. Schumm 2006



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[12383], Griechenland, N-Samos, südlich Avlakia an der Straße oberhalb Vourliotes nördlich des Bergmassivs Lazarou, 37°48' N, 26°51' E, ca. 840 m. Leg. Düll, Maier, Schumm 03.05.2006, det. Schumm 2006



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[12383], Griechenland, N-Samos, südlich Avlakia an der Straße oberhalb Vourliotes nördlich des Bergmassivs Lazarou, 37°48' N, 26°51' E, ca. 840 m. Leg. Düll, Maier, Schumm 03.05.2006, det. Schumm 2006



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[12383], Griechenland, N-Samos, südlich Avlakia an der Straße oberhalb Vourliotes nördlich des Bergmassivs Lazarou, 37°48' N, 26°51' E, ca. 840 m. Leg. Düll, Maier, Schumm 03.05.2006, det. Schumm 2006


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_N/Nephroma_laevigatum.htm
France, session AFL 2010 à Soustons - Landes


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_N/Nephroma_laevigatum.htm
France, session AFL 2010 à Soustons - Landes


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_N/Nephroma_laevigatum.htm
France, session AFL 2010 à Soustons - Landes


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_N/Nephroma_laevigatum.htm
France, session AFL 2010 à Soustons - Landes


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_N/Nephroma_laevigatum.htm
France, session AFL 2010 à Soustons - Landes



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
Image from: F. Schumm (2008) - Flechten Madeiras, der Kanaren und Azoren. Beck, OHG - ISBN: 978-3-00-023700-3


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=310&lang=en
France, Lesteven


Michel David - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=310&lang=en
France, Kerdreux


Michel David - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=310&lang=en
France, Kerdreux


Michel David - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=310&lang=en
France, Kerdreux


Michel David - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=310&lang=en
France, Lesteven


Michel David - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=310&lang=en
France, Lesteven


Michel David - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=310&lang=en
France, Lesteven


Tony Robinet - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=310&lang=en
France, Lesteven


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=310&lang=en
France, Lesteven


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=310&lang=en
France, Lesteven


Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Spain; Canary Islands: La Gomera.