Pertusaria pertusa (L.) Tuck. var. pertusa

Enum. N. America Lich.: 56, 1845. Basionym: Lichen pertusus L. - Mantissa Pl.: 131, 1767.
Synonyms: Pertusaria colliculosa Körb.; Pertusaria communis DC.; Pertusaria communis var. leiotera Nyl.; Pertusaria communis var. pertusa (L.) Körb.; Pertusaria leioterella Erichsen; Pertusaria oleae Zschacke; Pertusaria pertusa var. leiotera (Nyl.) Zahlbr.; Pertusaria pertusa var. meridionalis (Zahlbr.) Zahlbr.; Porina pertusa (L.) Ach.; Variolaria communis (DC.) Ach.
Distribution: N - VG (Carvalho 1997), Frl, Ven (Lazzarin 1997, Nascimbene & al. 2005b, 2006c, 2007, Nascimbene & Marini 2010), TAA (Nascimbene & al. 2007b, Nimis & al. 2015), Lomb (Zocchi & al. 1997, Chiappetta & al. 2005, Gheza & al. 2023), Piem (Isocrono & al. 2004, 2007, Giordani & Malaspina 2016), VA (Piervittori & Isocrono 1999), Emil (Nimis & al. 1996, Tretiach & al. 2008, Benesperi 2009, Brackel 2015, Fariselli & al. 2020), Lig (Brunialti & al. 1999, Putortì & al. 1999b, Giordani & al. 2002, Brunialti & Giordani 2003, Giordani 2006, Giordani & Incerti 2008). C - Tosc (Tretiach & Nimis 1994, Loppi & Putortì 1995b, Loppi & De Dominicis 1996b, Loppi & al. 1997, 1997b, 1999a, 2002c, 2004c, 2006, Monaci & al. 1997, Loppi & Nascimbene 1998, 2010, Putortì & al. 1998, 1999, Tretiach & Ganis 1999, Putortì & Loppi 1999b, Loppi & Pirintsos 2000, Del Guasta 2001, Laganà & al. 2002, Lorenzini & al. 2003, Loppi & Frati 2006, Benesperi 2006, 2011, Benesperi & al. 2007, Lastrucci & al. 2009, Pasquinelli & al. 2009, Brunialti & Frati 2010, Brackel 2015, Nascimbene & al. 2015, Frati & Brunialti 2023), Marc (Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Frati & Brunialti 2006, Brackel 2015), Umb (Ravera 1998, Ravera & al. 2006, 2011, Panfili 2007), Laz (Ravera 2002, Massari & Ravera 2002, Nimis & Tretiach 2004, Ruisi & al. 2005, Stofer 2006, Zucconi & al. 2013, Brackel 2015), Abr (Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Stofer 2006, Brackel 2015, Caporale & al. 2016, Corona & al. 2016), Mol (Garofalo & al. 1999, Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Caporale & al. 2008, Ravera & al. 2010, Paoli & al. 2015, Brackel 2020, Caporale & Ravera 2020), Sar (Zedda 1995, 2002, 2002b, Loi & al. 2000, Zedda & Sipman 2001, Zedda & al. 2001, Rizzi & al. 2011, Cossu 2013, Neuwirth 2018, Brackel & Berger 2019, Di Nuzzo & al. 2022). S - Camp (Garofalo & al. 1999, 2010, Ricciardi & al. 2000, Aprile & al. 2002, 2003, 2003b, 2011, Brunialti & al. 2010, 2013, Catalano & al. 2012, 2016, Ravera & Brunialti 2013), Pugl (Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Durini & Medagli 2004, Brackel 2011), Bas (Bartoli & Puntillo 1998, Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Potenza 2006, Brackel 2011), Cal (Puntillo 1995, 1996, Incerti & Nimis 2006, Stofer 2006, Brackel & Puntillo 2016, 2023, Brackel & Berger 2019), Si (Nimis & al. 1994, Ottonello & Salone 1994, Ottonello & al. 1994, Grillo & al. 1996, Ottonello 1996, Ottonello & Romano 1997, Grillo 1998, Merlo 2004, Grillo & Caniglia 2004, Caniglia & Grillo 2006b, Stofer 2006, Brackel 2008b, Liistro & Cataldo 2011).
Description: Thallus crustose, episubstratic, continuous to (rarely) finely cracked, whitish to pale grey or cream-coloured, smooth to tuberculate, sometimes zoned at margin. Apothecia perithecioid, completely immersed in scattered, basally restricted, 1-3 mm wide, semiglobose fertile warts with often slightly flattened apex, opening through a punctiform, black ostiole (2-10 ostioles per wart). Epithecium dark brown to black-brown, K-; hymenium colourless; paraphyses lax, branched and richly anastomosing; hypothecium colourless to pale yellow. Asci 2(-4)-spored, broadly cylindrical, the apex with a broad ocular chamber, the outer sheath K/I+ blue, otherwise K/I-, with an inner extensible layer, Pertusaria-type. Ascospores 1-celled, hyaline, ellipsoid, (120-)140-230(-330) x (35-)40-80(-90) µm, with a 7-15 µm thick, 2-layered, smooth wall, the apices to 28 µm thick. Pycnidia rare, immersed. Conidia acicular, 7-10 x 0.5-0.7 µm. Photobiont chlorococcoid. Spot tests: thallus K+ yellow, C-, KC+ yellow, P+ orange-yellow, UV+ pale orange. Chemistry: 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone, stictic acid, constictic and norstictic acids (minor).
Note: a mainly temperate lichen with optimum on smooth bark in the deciduous forest belts and in natural habitats, most abundant in the montane belt; almost extinct in the plains of Northern Italy and very rare in the eu-Mediterranean belt, except in humid, mostly coastal areas.
Growth form: Crustose
Substrata: bark
Photobiont: green algae other than Trentepohlia
Reproductive strategy: mainly sexual

Commonnes-rarity: (info)

Alpine belt: absent
Subalpine belt: extremely rare
Oromediterranean belt: absent
Montane belt: very common
Submediterranean belt: rare
Padanian area: absent
Humid submediterranean belt: rather common
Humid mediterranean belt: rather common
Dry mediterranean belt: absent

pH of the substrata:

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Solar irradiation:

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Aridity:

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Eutrophication:

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Poleotolerance:

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Altitudinal distribution:

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Predictive model
Herbarium samples

Leif Stridvall - Source http://www.stridvall.se/lichens/gallery/; Owner: Courtesy: Anita Stridvall



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[18585], Germany, Pfälzer Wald, Kreis Kaiserslautern, Karlstal bei Trippstadt, ca. 300-350 m, Buntsandsteingebiet, Schluchtwald (Luzulo- Fagetum), an Fagus. TK 6612. Leg. Schumm & Lauer 10.06.1978, det. Schumm.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[18585], Germany, Pfälzer Wald, Kreis Kaiserslautern, Karlstal bei Trippstadt, ca. 300-350 m, Buntsandsteingebiet, Schluchtwald (Luzulo- Fagetum), an Fagus. TK 6612. Leg. Schumm & Lauer 10.06.1978, det. Schumm.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[18585], Germany, Pfälzer Wald, Kreis Kaiserslautern, Karlstal bei Trippstadt, ca. 300-350 m, Buntsandsteingebiet, Schluchtwald (Luzulo- Fagetum), an Fagus. TK 6612. Leg. Schumm & Lauer 10.06.1978, det. Schumm.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[18585], Germany, Pfälzer Wald, Kreis Kaiserslautern, Karlstal bei Trippstadt, ca. 300-350 m, Buntsandsteingebiet, Schluchtwald (Luzulo- Fagetum), an Fagus. TK 6612. Leg. Schumm & Lauer 10.06.1978, det. Schumm.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[18585], Germany, Pfälzer Wald, Kreis Kaiserslautern, Karlstal bei Trippstadt, ca. 300-350 m, Buntsandsteingebiet, Schluchtwald (Luzulo- Fagetum), an Fagus. TK 6612. Leg. Schumm & Lauer 10.06.1978, det. Schumm.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[18585], Germany, Pfälzer Wald, Kreis Kaiserslautern, Karlstal bei Trippstadt, ca. 300-350 m, Buntsandsteingebiet, Schluchtwald (Luzulo- Fagetum), an Fagus. TK 6612. Leg. Schumm & Lauer 10.06.1978, det. Schumm.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[4705], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Tübingen, Bebenhausen, Goldersbachtal, an Carpinus, TK 7420/14. Leg. et det. Schumm 03.04.1997



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[4705], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Tübingen, Bebenhausen, Goldersbachtal, an Carpinus, TK 7420/14. Leg. et det. Schumm 03.04.1997



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[4705], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Tübingen, Bebenhausen, Goldersbachtal, an Carpinus, TK 7420/14. Leg. et det. Schumm 03.04.1997



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[4705], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Tübingen, Bebenhausen, Goldersbachtal, an Carpinus, TK 7420/14. Leg. et det. Schumm 03.04.1997



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[4705], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Tübingen, Bebenhausen, Goldersbachtal, an Carpinus, TK 7420/14. Leg. et det. Schumm 03.04.1997



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[1338], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Ostalbkreis, Rosenstein bei Heubach, Rundweg zur Schutzhütte, ca. 720 m, TK 7225/2. Leg. et det. F. Schumm 31.07.1970, conf- V. Wirth.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[1338], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Ostalbkreis, Rosenstein bei Heubach, Rundweg zur Schutzhütte, ca. 720 m, TK 7225/2. Leg. et det. F. Schumm 31.07.1970, conf- V. Wirth.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[1338], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Ostalbkreis, Rosenstein bei Heubach, Rundweg zur Schutzhütte, ca. 720 m, TK 7225/2. Leg. et det. F. Schumm 31.07.1970, conf- V. Wirth.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[1338], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Ostalbkreis, Rosenstein bei Heubach, Rundweg zur Schutzhütte, ca. 720 m, TK 7225/2. Leg. et det. F. Schumm 31.07.1970, conf- V. Wirth.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[1338], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Ostalbkreis, Rosenstein bei Heubach, Rundweg zur Schutzhütte, ca. 720 m, TK 7225/2. Leg. et det. F. Schumm 31.07.1970, conf- V. Wirth.



Felix Schumm CC BY-SA 4.0
[18585], Germany, Pfälzer Wald, Kreis Kaiserslautern, Karlstal bei Trippstadt, ca. 300-350 m, Buntsandsteingebiet, Schluchtwald (Luzulo- Fagetum), an Fagus. TK 6612. Leg. Schumm & Lauer 10.06.1978, det. Schumm.


Erichsen C.F.E. 1936. Pertusariaceae. - In: Dr. L. Rabenhorsts Kryptogamenflora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Bd. IX, Abt. 5, T. 1. Akad. Verlagsges., Leipzig, pp. 321-512, 513-728. - Public Domain



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[18585], Germany, Pfälzer Wald, Kreis Kaiserslautern, Karlstal bei Trippstadt, ca. 300-350 m, Buntsandsteingebiet, Schluchtwald (Luzulo- Fagetum), an Fagus. TK 6612. Leg. Schumm & Lauer 10.06.1978, det. Schumm.


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=437&lang=en
France, Landevennec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=437&lang=en
France, Stangala


Alain Gerault - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=437&lang=en
France, Stangala


Alain Gerault - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=437&lang=en
France, Stangala


Alain Gerault - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=437&lang=en
France, Stangala


Michel David - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=437&lang=en
France, Landevennec


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=437&lang=en
France, Kergoat


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=437&lang=en
France, Kergoat


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=437&lang=en
France, Kergoat


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=437&lang=en
France, Kergoat


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=437&lang=en
France, Kergoat


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=437&lang=en
France, Kergoat


Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Central Europe; Germany: Hesse.