Polycauliona candelaria (L.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting

in Arup & al., Nord. J. Bot, 31: 51, 2013. Basionym: Lichen candelarius L. - Sp. Pl., 1141, 1753.
Synonyms: Lecanora candelaria (L.) Ach.; Massjukiella candelaria; Parmelia parietina var. candelaria (L.) Spreng.; Physcia candelaria (F.H. Wigg.) Anzi; Physcia controversa A. Massal.; Physcia lychnea (Ach.) Nyl.; Placodium candelarium F.H. Wigg.; Xanthoria candelaria (L.) Th. Fr.; Xanthoria controversa (A. Massal.) Rabenh.; Xanthoria lychnea (Ach.) Th. Fr. non auct. p.p.; Xanthoria lychnea var. perfusa (Nyl.) H. Olivier; Xanthoria lychnea var. pygmaea (Bory) Th. Fr.
Distribution: N - Frl, Ven (Nascimbene & Caniglia 1997, 2003c, Caniglia & al. 1999, Nascimbene 2008c), TAA (Nascimbene & Caniglia 2000b, Nascimbene & al. 2005, 2006, 2008c, 2022, Nascimbene 2008b, 2014, 2014c, Zarabska & al. 2009, Nascimbene & Marini 2015, Trindade & al. 2021), Lomb (Arosio & al. 2003, Nascimbene & al. 2006e, Furlanetto 2010), Piem (Caniglia & al. 1992, Morisi & Sereno 1995, Arosio & al. 1998, Piervittori 1998, Isocrono & al. 2004, 2007, Furlanetto 2010), VA (Piervittori & Isocrono 1999, Piervittori 2003, Matteucci & al. 2008, 2008c, , Lich. Ital. Exs. 70: Isocrono & al. 2022), Emil (Fariselli & al. 2020), Lig (Brunialti & al. 1999, Giordani & al. 2002b, Brunialti & Giordani 2003). C - Tosc (Brackel 2015, Frati & Brunialti 2023), Umb (Ravera 2000, Brackel 2015), Laz (Brackel 2015), Abr (Nimis & Tretiach 1999), Sar (Zedda 2002). S - Cal (TSB 11003).
Description: Thallus foliose to subfruticose, yellow-orange to orange, forming small, up to 2(-3) cm wide cushions which often fuse into extensive colonies. Lobes erect, flattened but at least partially subterete, 0.2-0.5 mm wide (the tips slightly thinner), often wrinkled, with granular, the lobe tips and the lower side with 25-35 µm wide blastidia often aggregated into (40-)45-70(-110) µm wide conblastidia. Cortex paraplectenchymatous; medulla white; lower surface white to yellow, somewhat wrinkled, usually without hapters and rhizines. Apothecia rare, lecanorine, stipitate, subterminal, with an orange disc and a blastidiate thalline margin. Epithecium orange-brown, c. 10 µm high, K+ red; hymenium colourless, 60-90 µm high; paraphyses simple or sparingly branched; hypothecium colourless to pale brown, 25-70 µm high. Asci 8-spored, clavate, functionally unitunicate, apically thickened with a broad internal beak, the inner part of apex and external cap I+ blue, Teloschistes-type. Ascospores 2-celled, polarilocular, hyaline, ellipsoid, 11-15 x 4.5-7(-8) µm, the equatorial thickening (“septum”) 3-6 µm. Pycnidia common, immersed, concolorous with upper surface or slightly darker orange. Conidia ellipsoid, 2.3-3 x 1-1.5 µm. Photobiont chlorococcoid. Spot tests: thallus, apothecia and blastidia K+ dark red, C-, KC-, P-. Chemistry: parietin (major), fallacinal, emodin, teloschistin and parietinic acid, corresponding to chemosyndrome A of Søchting (1997).
Note: both on bark and on rock, sometimes also on lignum, in well-lit, eutrophicated situations; certainly not common in Italy, being restricted to upland areas with a subcontinental climate (continental Alpine valleys, eastern Apennines, etc.). The old record from Campania cited by Nimis (1993: 761) could be due to confusion with other species, and is not accepted here.
Growth form: Foliose, narrow lobed
Substrata: bark and rocks
Photobiont: green algae other than Trentepohlia
Reproductive strategy: mainly asexual, by soredia, or soredia-like structures (e.g. blastidia)
Subcontinental: restricted to areas with a dry-subcontinental climate (e.g. dry Alpine valleys, parts of Mediterranean Italy)

Commonnes-rarity: (info)

Alpine belt: very rare
Subalpine belt: rather rare
Oromediterranean belt: very rare
Montane belt: rare
Submediterranean belt: extremely rare
Padanian area: extremely rare
Humid submediterranean belt: absent
Humid mediterranean belt: absent
Dry mediterranean belt: absent

pH of the substrata:

12345

(info)

Solar irradiation:

12345

(info)

Aridity:

12345

(info)

Eutrophication:

12345

(info)

Poleotolerance:

0123

(info)

Altitudinal distribution:

123456

(info)


Predictive model
Herbarium samples
Index Fungorum GBIF

Leif Stridvall - Courtesy: Anita Stridvall - Source: http://www.stridvall.se/lichens/gallery/
holotype



P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (14182)
2001/12/03


Pier Luigi Nimis - CC BY-SA 4.0
Herbarium: TSB 10689


Pier Luigi Nimis - CC BY-SA 4.0
Herbarium: TSB 10689


Pier Luigi Nimis - CC BY-SA 4.0
Herbarium: TSB 10689


Leif Stridvall - Courtesy: Anita Stridvall - Source: http://www.stridvall.se/lichens/gallery/
holotype


Helena Rodriguez
Spain, Galicia, Peña Trevinca
06.2019


Leif Stridvall - Courtesy: Anita Stridvall - Source: http://www.stridvall.se/lichens/gallery/


Leif Stridvall - Courtesy: Anita Stridvall - Source: http://www.stridvall.se/lichens/gallery/


Leif Stridvall - Source: http://www.stridvall.se/la/galleries.php


Helena Rodriguez
Spain, Galicia, Peña Trevinca


Helena Rodriguez
Spain, Galicia, Peña Trevinca


Giulio Pandeli
Italy, Emilia Romagna, Modena


Giulio Pandeli
Italy, Emilia Romagna, Modena


Giulio Pandeli
Italy, Emilia Romagna, Modena


Walter Obermayer CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: Lichens of Noricum - http://lichens-of-noricum.uni-graz.at/


Walter Obermayer CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: Lichens of Noricum - http://lichens-of-noricum.uni-graz.at/


Walter Obermayer CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: Lichens of Noricum - http://lichens-of-noricum.uni-graz.at/


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_P/Text_P_5/Polycauliona_candelaria.htm
France, session AFL 2005 - Finistère


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_P/Text_P_5/Polycauliona_candelaria.htm
France, session AFL 2014 dans le Lot


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_P/Text_P_5/Polycauliona_candelaria.htm
France, session AFL 2014 dans le Lot


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_P/Text_P_5/Polycauliona_candelaria.htm
France, session AFL 2014 dans le Lot


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=767&lang=en
France, Roc'h Trédudon


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=767&lang=en
France, Roc'h Trédudon


Michel David - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=767&lang=en
France, Hanvec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=767&lang=en
France, Gouezec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=767&lang=en
France, Gouezec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=767&lang=en
France, Gouezec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=767&lang=en
France, Gouezec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=767&lang=en
France, Roc'h Trevezel


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=767&lang=en
France, Roc'h Trevezel


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=767&lang=en
France, Roc'h Trevezel


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=767&lang=en
France, Roche du Feu


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=767&lang=en
France, Roche du Feu


Michel David - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=767&lang=en
France, Hanvec


Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Central Europe.


Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Central Europe.