Ricasolia amplissima (Scop.) De Not. - chloromorph

Giorn. Bot. Ital., 2: 179, 1846. Basionym: Lichen amplissimus Scop. - Fl. Carniol., 2 ed.: 386, 1772.
Synonyms: Lobaria amplissima (Scop.) Forssell; Lobaria glomulifera (Lightf.) Hoffm.; Lobaria laciniata (Huds.) Vain.; Parmelia amplissima (Scop.) Schaer.; Parmelia glomulifera (Lightf.) Ach.; Ricasolia glomulifera (Lightf.) Nyl.; Sticta amplissima (Scop.) Rabenh.; Sticta glomulifera (Lightf.) Delise
Distribution: N - VG, Frl (Tretiach 1996, 2015f), Ven, TAA (Nascimbene & al. 2007b), Lomb, VA (Piervittori & Isocrono 1999), Emil (Tretiach 1993, Tretiach & al. 2008, Benesperi 2009, Fariselli & al. 2020), Lig (Brunialti & al. 1999, Giordani & Brunialti 2000, Watson 2014). C - Tosc (Tretiach 1993, Tretiach & Nimis 1994, Benesperi & al. 2007, Brunialti & Frati 2010, Benesperi 2011, Frati & Brunialti 2023), Marc, Umb (Ravera 1998, Ravera & al. 2006), Laz (Ravera 2001, Massari & Ravera 2002, Ravera & al. 2021c), Abr (Nimis & Tretiach 1999), Mol (Ravera & Genovesi 2012), Sar (Tretiach 1993, Loi & al. 2000, Zedda 2002, 2002b, Zedda & al. 2001, Rizzi & al. 2011, Di Nuzzo & al. 2022). S - Camp (Aprile & al. 2002, 2003b, Nascimbene & al. 2010b, Catalano & al. 2010, 2016, Ravera 2013, Brunialti & al. 2013, Ravera & Brunialti 2013), Pugl (Tretiach 1993, Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Thüs & Licht 2006), Bas (Fascetti & al. 2005, Potenza 2006, Puntillo & al. 2009, Potenza & Fascetti 2010, 2012, Brackel 2011), Cal (Tretiach 1993, Puntillo 1995, 1996, Puntillo & Puntillo 2004, Incerti & Nimis 2006, Brackel & Puntillo 2016), Si (Tretiach 1993, Ottonello & Puntillo 2009, Ottonello & al. 2011).
Description: Thallus foliose, heteromerous, dorsiventral, broad-lobed, more or less coriaceous, 0.5-0.7 mm thick, usually forming large, up to 35 cm wide, regular rosettes. Lobes 7-20(-30) mm wide, rounded at apex, sinuate at margins, contiguous to slightly overlapping, ivory white to grey-white when dry (turning yellow-brown in the herbarium), green-grey when wet, matt, smooth to warted (pycnidia). Cephalodia globose and partly internal on the lower side, or shrub-like and densely branched on the upper side, blue-green-brown or brownish black, up to 2 cm in diam. Lower surface white at margins, pale brown over most of the surface, sometimes black near the centre, tomentose, the hairs whitish or brownish 0.15-0.2 mm long, usually with a few, up to 2(-4) mm long, fasciculate, at the base squarrosely branched rhizines. Upper and lower cortex paraplectenchymatous; medulla white. Apothecia rare, lecanorine, laminal, sessile and constricted at base, up to 1 cm across, with a concave to flat, glossy brown disc and a smooth, persistent thalline margin. Epithecium brownish; hymenium and hypothecium colourless; paraphyses mostly simple. Asci 8-spored, cylindrical, fissitunicate, the apex of the endoascus with a K/I+ blue ring-shaped structure, Peltigera-type. Ascospores 1-3-septate, hyaline, needle-like, at first hyaline then turning pale yellowish brown, 40-65 x 5-7 μm. Pycnidia laminal, fully immersed into 0.7-1.2 mm wide, conical thalline warts, 0.1-0.2 mm across, the wall 2-layered in upper part, the inner part greyish K+ aeruginose, the outer part brownish, K-, the ostiole opening as an elongated crack. Conidia bacilliform to rectangular, sometimes broadening at ends, 3-7 x 1-1.5 μm. Photobiont chlorococcoid in thallus, cyanobacterial (Nostoc) in cephalodia. Spot tests: upper cortex K- or K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ pale yellow, C-, KC- or KC+ deep pink, P-. Chemistry: cortex with variable amounts of atranorin (usually in traces); medulla with m-scrobiculin (major) and p-scrobiculin, sometimes substituted by pseudocyphellarin.
Note: a mild-temperate species found on old, isolated deciduous trees in humid areas with high rainfall, formerly more widespread in Northern Italy, presently extinct in Venezia Giulia and in the Po-Plain. A distribution map in Italy was published by Nascimbene & al. (2016). It is included in the Italian red list of epiphytic lichens as “Near-threatened” (Nascimbene & al. 2013c).
Growth form: Foliose, broad lobed
Substrata: bark
Photobiont: green algae other than Trentepohlia
Reproductive strategy: mainly sexual
Most common in areas with a humid-warm climate (e.g. most of Tyrrenian Italy)

Commonnes-rarity: (info)

Alpine belt: absent
Subalpine belt: absent
Oromediterranean belt: absent
Montane belt: very rare
Submediterranean belt: extremely rare
Padanian area: absent
Humid submediterranean belt: very rare
Humid mediterranean belt: absent
Dry mediterranean belt: absent

pH of the substrata:

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Solar irradiation:

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Aridity:

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Eutrophication:

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Poleotolerance:

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Altitudinal distribution:

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Predictive model
Herbarium samples
Index Fungorum GBIF


Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
Image from: F. Schumm (2008) - Flechten Madeiras, der Kanaren und Azoren. Beck, OHG - ISBN: 978-3-00-023700-3



P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (19747)
2001/11/26
cephalodia


Leif Stridvall - Source: http://www.stridvall.se/la/galleries.php



Juri Nascimbene - CC BY-SA 4.0; Owner: ITALIC - Dyades Project - Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Italy, Sardinia
2014



P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (9420)
2001/11/26
apothecia



Juri Nascimbene - CC BY-SA 4.0; Owner: ITALIC - Dyades Project - Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Sardinia, Italy
2014



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
Image from: F. Schumm (2008) - Flechten Madeiras, der Kanaren und Azoren. Beck, OHG - ISBN: 978-3-00-023700-3



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
Image from: F. Schumm (2008) - Flechten Madeiras, der Kanaren und Azoren. Beck, OHG - ISBN: 978-3-00-023700-3



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
Image from: F. Schumm (2008) - Flechten Madeiras, der Kanaren und Azoren. Beck, OHG - ISBN: 978-3-00-023700-3


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_R/Textes_R/Ricasolia_amplissima.htm
France, 24/03/2014 - Miluccia - Corse


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_R/Textes_R/Ricasolia_amplissima.htm
France, 24/03/2014 - Miluccia - Corse


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_R/Textes_R/Ricasolia_amplissima.htm
France, 24/03/2014 - Miluccia - Corse


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_R/Textes_R/Ricasolia_amplissima.htm
France, 24/03/2014 - Miluccia - Corse


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=363&lang=en
France, Col d'Ibardin


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=363&lang=en
France, Col d'Ibardin


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=363&lang=en
France, Cranou


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=363&lang=en
France, Iraty


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=363&lang=en
France, Col d'Ibardin


Joel Querellou - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=363&lang=en
France, Huelgoat


Michel David - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=363&lang=en
France, Cranou


Michel David - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=363&lang=en
France, Cranou


Joël Querellou - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=983&lang=en
France, Huelgoat
with cephalodia


Joël Querellou - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=983&lang=en
France, Huelgoat
with cephalodia


Alain Gerault - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=983&lang=en
France, Forêt du Cranou
with cephalodia


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=983&lang=en
France, Col d'Ibardin
with cephalodia


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=983&lang=en
France, Col d'Ibardin
with cephalodia


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=983&lang=en
France, Col d'Ibardin
with cephalodia


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=983&lang=en
France, Col d'Ibardin
with cephalodia


Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Portugal: Madeira.


Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Portugal: Madeira.