Toninia squalida (Ach.) A. Massal.

Ric. Auton. Lich. Crost.: 108, 1852. Basionym: Lecidea squalida Ach. - Lichenogr. Univ.: 169, 1810.
Synonyms: Bacidia acervulans (Nyl.) B. de Lesd.; Bilimbia caulescens (Anzi) Jatta; Bilimbia multiseptata (Anzi) Jatta; Bilimbia squalida (Ach.) Jatta; Lecidea acervulans Nyl.; Lecidea atrorufa var. squarrosa Ach.; Lecidea caulescens (Anzi) Tuck.; Lecidea norvegica Sommerf.; Toninia acervulans (Nyl.) H. Olivier; Toninia caulescens Anzi; Toninia cinereovirens var. verruculosa Th. Fr.; Toninia havaasii H. Magn.; Toninia multiseptata Anzi; Toninia squarrosa (Ach.) Th. Fr.; Toninia verruculosa (Th. Fr.) Vain.
Distribution: N - Frl (Tretiach & Hafellner 2000), Ven, TAA (Nascimbene & al. 2022), Lomb, Piem (Isocrono & al. 2004, Matteucci & al. 2015b), VA (Piervittori & Isocrono 1999), Lig. C - Tosc, Sar. S - Camp, Cal (Puntillo 1996), Si.
Description: Thallus squamulose to subcrustose, medium to dark brown, with a greyish tinge, epruinose, dull, often with shallow fissures in the cortex. Squamules 1-2(-3) mm broad, often irregularly proliferating, weakly concave to weakly convex, sometimes forming a continuous crust; lower surface pale brown. Upper cortex 20-100 μm thick, including an up to 30 μm thick epinecral layer, without crystals; algal layer partly discontinuous; medulla white, without crystals. Apothecia frequent, lecideine, rounded, sessile, strongly constricted at base, up to 1.5 mm across, with a black, flat, smooth disc and a distinct, smooth, concolorous proper margin. Exciple dark brown to dark green in outer part, pale to colourless within, K-, N- or N+ violet (green pigment); epithecium olivaceous to bright green, K-, N+ violet, without crystals; hymenium colourless, 50-60 µm high; paraphyses not coherent, distinctly thickened above; hypothecium pale brown to colourless. Asci 8-spored, clavate, surrounded by a gelatinous I+ blue coat, with a well-developed I+ blue tholus with a I+ darker blue tube and a well-developed ocular chamber, Bacidia-type. Ascospores 3-7-septate, hyaline, acicular, 23-41.5 x 2.5-4.5 µm. Pycnidia dark, immersed. Conidia filiform. Photobiont chlorococcoid. Spot tests: thallus K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-. Chemistry: thallus without lichen substances.
Note: an incompletely holarctic lichen with a very broad latitudinal range, found on soil, more rarely on weathered base-rich or weakly calciferous siliceous rocks in dry-warm upland areas, often associated to cyanobacteria or cyanobacterial lichen when young.
Growth form: Squamulose
Substrata: rocks, soil, terricolous mosses, and plant debris
Photobiont: green algae other than Trentepohlia
Reproductive strategy: mainly sexual

Commonnes-rarity: (info)

Alpine belt: rather rare
Subalpine belt: rather common
Oromediterranean belt: rather rare
Montane belt: rare
Submediterranean belt: absent
Padanian area: absent
Humid submediterranean belt: absent
Humid mediterranean belt: absent
Dry mediterranean belt: absent

pH of the substrata:

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Solar irradiation:

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Aridity:

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Eutrophication:

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Poleotolerance:

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Altitudinal distribution:

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Predictive model
Herbarium samples
Index Fungorum GBIF

Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1327&lang=en
Spain, Llanos de la Larri, Pyrenees, 1650 m



P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (6928)
2001/12/01



P.L. Nimis CC BY-SA 04
TSB 6928



P.L. Nimis CC BY-SA 04
TSB 6928



P.L. Nimis CC BY-SA 04
TSB 6928


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_T/Textes_T2/Toninia_squalida.htm
France, 18/11/2015 - Saint-Prejet-Armando - Haute-Loire


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_T/Textes_T2/Toninia_squalida.htm
France, 18/11/2015 - Saint-Prejet-Armando - Haute-Loire


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_T/Textes_T2/Toninia_squalida.htm
France, 18/11/2015 - Saint-Prejet-Armando - Haute-Loire


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_T/Textes_T2/Toninia_squalida.htm
France, 18/11/2015 - Saint-Prejet-Armando - Haute-Loire


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_T/Textes_T2/Toninia_squalida.htm
France, 18/11/2015 - Saint-Prejet-Armando - Haute-Loire


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_T/Textes_T2/Toninia_squalida.htm
France, 18/11/2015 - Saint-Prejet-Armando - Haute-Loire


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_T/Textes_T2/Toninia_squalida.htm
France, 18/11/2015 - Saint-Prejet-Armando - Haute-Loire


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1327&lang=en
Spain, Llanos de la Larri, Pyrenees, 1650 m


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1327&lang=en
Spain, Llanos de la Larri, Pyrenees, 1650 m



P.L. Nimis CC BY-SA 4.0
TSB 6928


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1327&lang=en
Spain, Llanos de la Larri, Pyrenees, 1650 m


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1327&lang=en
Spain, Llanos de la Larri, Pyrenees, 1650 m


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1327&lang=en
Spain, Llanos de la Larri, Pyrenees, 1650 m