Xylographa parallela (Ach. : Fr.) Fr.

Summa Veg. Scand.: 372, 1849 - Stictis (Xylographa) parallela (Ach.) Fr. : Fr. Syst. Mycol. 2(1): 197 (1822); sanctioned name according to Art. 15.1. Basionym: Lichen parallelus Ach. - Lichenogr. Suec. Prodr.: 23, 1799.
Synonyms: Hysterium abietinum Pers.; Xylographa abietina (Pers.) Zahlbr.; Xylographa abietina var. rubescens (Räsänen) Degel.; Xylographa incerta A. Massal.; Xylographa laricicola Nyl.; Xylographa parallela (Ach.) Fr.; Xylographa parallela var. sessitana Bagl.; Xylographa rubescens Räsänen
Distribution: N - Frl, Ven (Nimis 1994, Thor & Nascimbene 2007, Nascimbene 2008c, 2011, Nascimbene & al. 2013b), TAA (Hinteregger 1994, Thor & Nascimbene 2006c, 2007, Nascimbene & al. 2007b, 2008c, 2022, Nascimbene 2008b, Nimis & al. 2015), Lomb (Nascimbene & al. 2006e), Piem (Isocrono & al. 2004, Spribille & al. 2015), VA (Piervittori & Isocrono 1999), Lig (TSB 33648). C - Abr. S - Camp (Nimis & Tretiach 2004), Pugl, Bas (Nimis & Tretiach 1999), Cal (Puntillo 1996).
Description: Thallus crustose, mostly endosubstratic and inapparent, rarely rimose or scurfy, with corticate, brown goniocysts. Apothecia narrowly ellipsoid to linear, densely and evenly distributed, often following the wood grain, 0.3-1.7 x 0.1-0.28 mm, with a flat to slightly convex, dark brown to black disc and a thin, brown to black, finally excluded proper margin often visible only at the extremities. Exciple brown in outer part, colourless within, of laterally interwoven hyphae, paraplectenchymatous in vertical section, 15-37 μm wide; hymenium colourless or very pale yellowish brown, 55-110(-150) μm high, I+ blue-green turning rust red or I+ persistently blue; paraphyses strongly contorted, branched and anastomosing 1.7-2.5 μm thick at mid-level, often distally moniliform and apically swollen to (2.5-)4-6(-8) μm, the last 4-5 cells lying horizontally in knot-like tangles over the disc; hypothecium colourless to pale brown, 40-150 μm high. Asci 8-spored, clavate-cylindrical, unitunicate, the gelatinous sheaths covering the walls amyloid, the tholus lacking internal amyloid structures, similar to that in Trapelia. Ascospores 1-celled, hyaline ellipsoid, 10-16.5 x (3.5-)6-7.5(-8.5) μm. Pycnidia rare, partially immersed, globose. Conidia filiform, curved, 9-14 x 0.5-0.7 μm. Photobiont chlorococcoid. Spot tests: thallus K- or K+ yellowish (microscopic section!), C-, KC-, P- or P+ yellow. Chemistry: stictic acid or without lichen substances.
Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, circumpolar species found on hard wood, on poles, fences and on flanks of decorticated boles, especially of conifers; restricted to high altitudes in Southern Italy.
Growth form: Crustose
Substrata: lignum
Photobiont: green algae other than Trentepohlia
Reproductive strategy: mainly sexual

Commonnes-rarity: (info)

Alpine belt: absent
Subalpine belt: very common
Oromediterranean belt: absent
Montane belt: common
Submediterranean belt: very rare
Padanian area: absent
Humid submediterranean belt: very rare
Humid mediterranean belt: absent
Dry mediterranean belt: absent

pH of the substrata:

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Solar irradiation:

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Eutrophication:

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Poleotolerance:

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Altitudinal distribution:

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Predictive model
Herbarium samples
Index Fungorum GBIF


P.L. Nimis CC BY-SA 4.0
TSB 38811



P.L.Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (36776)
2008.02.25



Juri Nascimbene - CC BY-SA 4.0
Paneveggio, Reg. Trentino-Alto Adige Prov. Trento, Italy.
2009



Juri Nascimbene - CC BY-SA 4.0
Italy, Trentino-Alto Adige, Bolzano/Bozen, Sciliar/Schlern



Juri Nascimbene - CC BY-SA 4.0
Italy, Trentino-Alto Adige, Bolzano/Bozen, Sciliar/Schlern



Pier Luigi Nimis - CC BY-SA 4.0
TSB 38811



P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (11865)
2001/12/03


Zahlbruckner A. 1926. Lichenes (Flechten). In: Engler A. (ed.): Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. 2nd ed., vol 8, W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 270 pp.



P.L. Nimis CC BY-SA 4.0
TSB 38811



P.L. Nimis CC BY-SA 4.0
TSB 38811



P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (11865)
2001/12/03


Walter Obermayer CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: Lichens of Noricum - http://lichens-of-noricum.uni-graz.at/


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_X/Xylographa_parallela.htm
France, 4/3/2016 - CB Chavaniac-Lafayette - Haute-Loire


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_X/Xylographa_parallela.htm
France, 4/3/2016 - CB Chavaniac-Lafayette - Haute-Loire


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1129&lang=en
France, Lanveoc


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1129&lang=en
France, Lanveoc


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1129&lang=en
France, Lanveoc


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1129&lang=en
France, Lanveoc


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1129&lang=en
France, Lanveoc


Ulrich Kirschbaum
Central Europe: Germany.