Micarea denigrata (Fr.) Hedl.

Bih. K. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., 3, 18: 78, 1892. Basionym: Biatora denigrata Fr. - K. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl.: 256, 1822.
Synonyms: Biatora aniptiza (Stirt.) Walt. Watson; Biatorina praeviridans (Nyl.) Boistel; Biatorina sinothea auct.; Catillaria denigrata (Fr.) Vain.; Catillaria hemipoliella (Nyl.) Blomb. & Forssell; Catillaria praeviridans (Nyl.) Zahlbr.; Catillaria spodiza (Nyl.) Zahlbr.; Catillaria synothea auct.; Lecidea aniptiza Stirt.; Lecidea denigrata (Fr.) Nyl.; Lecidea discretula Nyl.; Lecidea fungicola Ach.; Lecidea hemipoliella Nyl.; Lecidea parissima Nyl.; Lecidea praeviridans Nyl.; Lecidea spodiza Nyl.; Lecidea synothea auct.; Micarea denigrata var. friesiana Hedl.; Micarea hemipoliella (Nyl.) Vězda
Distribution: N - Ven (Thor & Nascimbene 2007, Nascimbene 2008c), TAA (Nascimbene & al. 2007b, 2008c, 2022, Nimis & al. 2015), Lomb, Piem (Giordani & Malaspina 2016), Lig (TSB 33561). C - Tosc, Umb (CLU 16081), Laz, Abr (Nimis & Tretiach 1999), Sar (Nöske 2000). S - Camp (Aprile & al. 2003b), Bas (Nimis & Tretiach 1999), Cal (Puntillo 1996).
Description: Thallus crustose, episubstratic, rarely endosubstratic and poorly evident, usually composed of convex, white to pale grey-green, smooth, ecorticate areoles, sometimes reacting K+ violet. Apothecia micareoid, sessile, 0.1-0.5 mm across, sometimes aggregated into up to 0.8 mm wide clusters, with a dark grey to black (pale grey to whitish in shade-forms), strongly convex, sometimes tuberculate, epruinose disc, without a proper margin or with a thin whitish margin evident only in young apothecia. Proper exciple indistinct or very thin, of paraphysis-like hyphae; epithecium hardly separate from the hymenium; hymenium olive-grey, brownish, olive-brown or dull grey in upper part, colourless in lower part, 25-40 µm high, the pigmented parts C+ pink; paraphyses numerous, branched and anastomosing, 1-1.7 µm thick, not capitate; hypothecium colourless, 60-110 µm high. Asci 8-spored, clavate to cylindrical-clavate, clavate, in K/I with a blue outer layer and apical dome and unstained wall, the dome with an apical cushion. Ascospores (0-)1(-2)-septate, often with slightly unequal cells, hyaline, narrowly ellipsoid, oblong-ellipsoid or fusiform with rounded ends, straight or slightly curved, (6-)8-14(-18) x 2-3.5(-4) µm. Pycnidia immersed to emergent-stalked, grey to black, the wall greenish, K+ violet, C+ red-violet. Conidia of three types: i) macroconidia, curved, (1-)3 septate, 12-24 x 1 µm; ii) mesoconidia, simple, 2.5-4.5 x 1-2 µm, extruded as a white mass from the ostiole; iii) microconidia, simple, 5-7.5 x 0.5-1 µm. Photobiont micareoid, thin-walled, the cells 4-7(-8) μm wide. Spot tests: thallus, apothecial and pycnidial sections K- or K+ faintly violet, C+ red, KC+ red, P- (reactions best visible under the microscope). Chemistry: gyrophoric acid.
Note: a cool-temperate to circumboreal-montane, very polymorphic species, most common on wooden poles in the mountains, on fallen trunks and stumps of coniferous and broad-leaved trees, rarer on the bark of conifers; widespread throughout the Alps and the Apennines, to be looked for in the mountains of Sicily.
Growth form: Crustose
Substrata: bark and lignum
Photobiont: green algae other than Trentepohlia
Reproductive strategy: mainly sexual, or asexual by conidia and thalloconidia
Pioneer species

Commonnes-rarity: (info)

Alpine belt: absent
Subalpine belt: rather common
Oromediterranean belt: absent
Montane belt: rather rare
Submediterranean belt: rare
Padanian area: absent
Humid submediterranean belt: rare
Humid mediterranean belt: absent
Dry mediterranean belt: absent

pH of the substrata:

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Solar irradiation:

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Aridity:

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Eutrophication:

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Poleotolerance:

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Altitudinal distribution:

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Predictive model
Herbarium samples

Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Central Europe; Germany: Hesse. (Collected by E. Heerd). on weathered fences



P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (9407)
2001/11/27



Pier Luigi Nimis - CC BY-SA 4.0
TSB 9407



Domenico Puntillo; Owner: Domenico Puntillo
Italy



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[16045], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Göppingen, Jebenhausen, auf Birke, ca. 350 m



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[17988], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Göppingen, Wangen, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Str. 14, 48.72438° N, 9.60360° E, 370 m, auf altem Markisenstoff. TK 7223/4. Leg. Schumm 27.04.2012, det. Aptroot 2012



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[17988], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Göppingen, Wangen, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Str. 14, 48.72438° N, 9.60360° E, 370 m, auf altem Markisenstoff. TK 7223/4. Leg. Schumm 27.04.2012, det. Aptroot 2012



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[17988], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Göppingen, Wangen, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Str. 14, 48.72438° N, 9.60360° E, 370 m, auf altem Markisenstoff. TK 7223/4. Leg. Schumm 27.04.2012, det. Aptroot 2012



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[17988], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Göppingen, Wangen, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Str. 14, 48.72438° N, 9.60360° E, 370 m, auf altem Markisenstoff. TK 7223/4. Leg. Schumm 27.04.2012, det. Aptroot 2012



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[17988], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Göppingen, Wangen, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Str. 14, 48.72438° N, 9.60360° E, 370 m, auf altem Markisenstoff. TK 7223/4. Leg. Schumm 27.04.2012, det. Aptroot 2012



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[17988], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Göppingen, Wangen, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Str. 14, 48.72438° N, 9.60360° E, 370 m, auf altem Markisenstoff. TK 7223/4. Leg. Schumm 27.04.2012, det. Aptroot 2012



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[17988], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Göppingen, Wangen, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Str. 14, 48.72438° N, 9.60360° E, 370 m, auf altem Markisenstoff. TK 7223/4. Leg. Schumm 27.04.2012, det. Aptroot 2012



Curtis Randall Björk – CC BY-SA 4.0
British Columbia, Clearwater Valley Date: 2012-04-04 On wood of fence post in garden



Pier Luigi Nimis - CC BY-SA 4.0
TSB 9407



Pier Luigi Nimis - CC BY-SA 4.0
TSB 9407



Pier Luigi Nimis - CC BY-SA 4.0
TSB 9407



Pier Luigi Nimis - CC BY-SA 4.0
TSB 9407



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[16045], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Göppingen, Jebenhausen, auf Birke, ca. 350 m


Leif Stridvall - Source: http://www.stridvall.se/la/galleries.php . Courtesy: Anita Stridvall


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_M/Texte_M/Micarea_denigrata.htm
France, Haute-Loire - (43) - Conservatoire Botanique CBNMC, alt : 700 m Chavaniac-Lafayette
4/3/2016


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_M/Texte_M/Micarea_denigrata.htm
France, Haute-Loire - (43) - Conservatoire Botanique CBNMC, alt : 700 m Chavaniac-Lafayette
4/3/2016


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_M/Texte_M/Micarea_denigrata.htm
France, Haute-Loire - (43) - Conservatoire Botanique CBNMC, alt : 700 m Chavaniac-Lafayette
4/3/2016


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_M/Texte_M/Micarea_denigrata.htm
France, Haute-Loire - (43) - Conservatoire Botanique CBNMC, alt : 700 m Chavaniac-Lafayette
4/3/2016


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1036&lang=en
France, Sur le bois d'une épave, Landévennec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1036&lang=en
France, Sur le bois d'une épave, Landévennec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1036&lang=en
France, Sur le bois d'une épave, Landévennec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1036&lang=en
France, Sur le bois d'une épave, Landévennec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1036&lang=en
France, Sur le bois d'une épave, Landévennec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1036&lang=en
France, Sur le bois d'une épave, Landévennec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1036&lang=en
France, Sur le bois d'une épave, Landévennec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1037&lang=en
France, Sur bois peint, Landévennec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1037&lang=en
France, Sur bois peint, Landévennec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1037&lang=en
France, Sur bois peint, Landévennec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1037&lang=en
France, Sur bois peint, Landévennec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1037&lang=en
France, Sur bois peint, Landévennec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1038&lang=en
France, Sur métal peint avec son cortège d'algues, Landévennec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1038&lang=en
France, Sur métal peint avec son cortège d'algues, Landévennec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1038&lang=en
France, Sur métal peint avec son cortège d'algues, Landévennec


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_M/Texte_M/Micarea_denigrata.htm
France, Haute-Loire - (43) - Conservatoire Botanique CBNMC, alt : 700 m Chavaniac-Lafayette
4/3/2016



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[ABL50804], Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus, Reserva Florestal Ducke, along trails in vincity of field station, in primary tropical rain forest on wood. 2°56' S, 59°57' W, 50 m. Leg. A. Aptroot, (no. 50804), 23. June 2019, det. A. Aptroot 2019.



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[ABL50804], Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus, Reserva Florestal Ducke, along trails in vincity of field station, in primary tropical rain forest on wood. 2°56' S, 59°57' W, 50 m. Leg. A. Aptroot, (no. 50804), 23. June 2019, det. A. Aptroot 2019.


Wolfgang von Brackel - CC BY-4.0
Germany, Bavaria, Pfändhausen


Wolfgang von Brackel - CC BY-4.0
Germany, Bavaria, Pfändhausen


Wolfgang von Brackel - CC BY-4.0
Germany, Bavaria, Pfändhausen


Collezione lichenologica Abramo Massalongo del Museo di Storia Naturale G. Ligabue di Venezia - Autori: Seggi, Linda; Trabucco, Raffaella Proprietà: Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia - CC BY-NC
Italy, Veneto, in op. Asiago
as Catillaria synothea



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[VZ1430], Germania. Bavaria. Distr. Starnberg: In paludibus septentrionem versus a lacu Maisinger See. d folia Cladii marisci emortua. Leg. J. Poelt, 5.8.1976. EX A. VEZDA LICHENES SELECTI EXSICCATI NR. 1430- - As Micarea hemipoliella



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[VZ1430], Germania. Bavaria. Distr. Starnberg: In paludibus septentrionem versus a lacu Maisinger See. d folia Cladii marisci emortua. Leg. J. Poelt, 5.8.1976. EX A. VEZDA LICHENES SELECTI EXSICCATI NR. 1430- - As Micarea hemipoliella



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[VZ1595], URSS. Transcaucasus, Colchis: distr. Sochi, in valle angusta rivi Agva (dextra fluminis Sochi), ad cataractas dictas Orechovyje vodopady, 250 m. Ad corticem Alni barbatae. Leg. V. Vasák et A. Vezda. EX A. VEZDA LICHENES SELECTI EXSICCATI NR. 1595. - As Micarea hemipoliella