ITALIC 8.0

Parmelia squarrosa Hale

Phytologia, 22: 29, 1971.

Synonyms:

Distribution: N - Frl (Nimis 2015).

Description: Thallus foliose, heteromerous, dorsiventral, adnate to rather loosely attached, forming 3-10 cm wide, regular rosettes. Lobes relatively thin, dichotomously branched, 1-3(-5) mm wide, usually divergent, sometimes overlapping, sublinear, with angular apices. Upper surface pale greenish-grey to whitish-grey, weakly ridged, epruinose, with a conspicuous network of laminal, whitish, at first punctiform but soon linear pseudocyphellae, and with cylindrical, laminal or marginal, simple or branched isidia that are up to 0.5 mm tall. Lower surface black, with dense, squarrosely branched (simple at margins), black rhizines. Upper cortex paraplectenchymatous, of 2-6 layers of densely packed cells, with a usually non-pored epicortex, the cell walls with isolichenan; medulla white; algal layer continuous; lower cortex paraplectenchymatous, thinner than upper cortex. Apothecia very rare, lecanorine, with a concave, brown disc and an isidiate thalline margin. Epithecium brownish; hymenium and hypothecium colourless. Asci 8-spored, clavate, Lecanora-type. Ascospores 1-celled, hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, 13-15 x 8-9 μm. Pycnidia rare, black. Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow (but often slowly turning orange-red due to medullary substances), C-, KC-, P- or P+ faintly yellow; medulla K+ yellow turning red, C-, KC-, P+ orange-red. Chemistry: upper cortex with atranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major), and consalazinic acid (minor).

Note: this species, which is fairly common in North America and in Japan, also occurs, albeit rarely, in very humid beech forests of the Alps. The only known Italian station is a humid montane forest hosting several extremely rare lichens with suboceanic affinities, such as Thelotrema suecicum and Usnea longissima.

Growth form: Foliose, broad lobed

Substrata: bark

Photobiont: green algae other than Trentepohlia

Reproductive strategy: mainly asexual, by isidia, or isidia-like structures (e.g. schizidia)

Most common in areas with a humid-warm climate (e.g. most of Tyrrenian Italy)

Commonnes-rarity: (info)

Alpine belt: absent

Subalpine belt: absent

Oromediterranean belt: absent

Montane belt: extremely rare

Submediterranean belt: absent

Padanian area: absent

Humid submediterranean belt: absent

Humid mediterranean belt: absent

Dry mediterranean belt: absent

pH of the substrata:

1

2

3

4

5

(info)

Solar irradiation:

1

2

3

4

5

(info)

Aridity:

1

2

3

4

5

(info)

Eutrophication:

1

2

3

4

5

(info)

Poleotolerance:

0

1

2

3

(info)

Altitudinal distribution:

1

2

3

4

5

6

(info)

Predictive model

Herbarium samples

Index Fungorum GBIF

Pier Luigi Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste

Italy, Friuli Venezia Giulia, UD, Carnic Alps, Bosco della Stua near the Lake of Sauris (Udine), c. 1000 m

Pier Luigi Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste

Italy, Friuli Venezia Giulia, UD, Carnic Alps, Bosco della Stua near the Lake of Sauris (Udine), c. 1000 m

Pier Luigi Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste

Italy, Friuli Venezia Giulia, UD, Carnic Alps, Bosco della Stua near the Lake of Sauris (Udine), c. 1000 m

Pier Luigi Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste

Italy, Friuli Venezia Giulia, UD, Carnic Alps, Bosco della Stua near the Lake of Sauris (Udine), c. 1000 m

Pier Luigi Nimis - CC BY-SA 4.0

Herbarium: TSB 19472

P.L. Nimis - CC BY-SA 4.0

TSB 42033

P.L. Nimis - CC BY-SA 4.0

TSB 42033

P.L. Nimis - CC BY-SA 4.0

TSB 42033