Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) M. Choisy

Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 21: 175, 1952. Basionym: Parmelia crinita Ach. - Syn. Meth. Lich.: 196, 1814.
Synonyms: Parmelia ciliata (DC.) Nyl.; Parmelia excrescens (Arnold) Hav.; Parmelia excrescens var. pilosella (Hue) Lynge; Parmelia pilosella Hue; Parmelia proboscidea Taylor; Parmelia urceolata sensu Jatta
Distribution: N - VG (Tretiach 2004), Frl (Tretiach & Carvalho 1995, Nascimbene & al. 1998), Ven (Lazzarin 1997, Nascimbene & al. 2009c, 2013b), TAA (Nascimbene 2006c, Nascimbene & al. 2007b, 2022, Nimis & al. 2015), Lomb (Dalle Vedove & al. 2004, Ravera & al. 2021c, Gheza 2019), Piem (Isocrono & al. 2004, Morisi 2005), VA (Piervittori & Isocrono 1999), Lig (Brunialti & al. 1999, Giordani & Brunialti 2000, Watson 2014, Lich. Ital. Exs. 46: Isocrono & al. 2020). C - Tosc (Loppi & Putortì 2001, Brackel 2015), Laz (Ravera 2001, Massari & Ravera 2002, Ruisi & al. 2005, Brackel 2015). S - Camp (Jatta 1909-1911), Pugl (S-F169678), Cal (CLU 7347).
Description: Thallus foliose, heteromerous, dorsiventral, broad-lobed, loosely attached, 3-15(-25) cm diam. Lobes subirregular, slightly imbricate, flattened, 5-15(-20) mm wide, with broadly rounded apices, becoming crenate and dissected with age, often ascending, with usually abundant, black, up to 3 mm long marginal cilia. Upper surface grey with some blackened areas, smooth, faintly maculate, with simple to coralloid, often apically ciliate, laminal and marginal isidia. Lower surface black with a brown naked peripheral zone, centrally with simple, black rhizines. Upper cortex of tightly packed, anticlinally oriented hyphae, with a pored epicortex, the cell walls with lichenan intermediate between the Cetraria- and the Xanthoparmelia-types; medulla white; algal layer continuous; lower cortex prosoplectenchymatous, with rounded and thick-walled cells. Apothecia rare, lecanorine, substipitate, to 8 mm across, with a sparsely isidiate margin and a brown, imperforate disc. Epithecium brownish; hymenium and hypothecium colourless. Asci 8-spored, Lecanora-type. Ascospores 1-celled, hyaline, ellipsoid, 21-31(-35) x 11-18 µm. Pycnidia rare, black, laminal, immersed. Conidia long-bacilliform to thread-like. Photobiont chlorococcoid. Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P- or P+ faintly yellow; medulla K+ yellow-orange, C-, KC- or KC+ yellow-orange, P+ orange, UV-. Chemistry: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with stictic acid (major), constictic acid (minor), and menegazziaic acid (trace) plus other accessory substances.
Note: a cool-temperate lichen found on bark in open humid montane forests, rarely on epilithic bryophytes, exceptionally descending to the submediterranean belt in very humid areas; most common in the Alps, but extending to the mountains of Calabria. Molecular data (Stelate & al. 2022) do not allow to distinguish this species from P. perlatum, which however is sorediate and has a different ecology and altitudinal distribution. It is included in the Italian red list of epiphytic lichens as “Near-threatened” (Nascimbene & al. 2013c).
Growth form: Foliose, broad lobed
Substrata: bark
Photobiont: green algae other than Trentepohlia
Reproductive strategy: mainly asexual, by isidia, or isidia-like structures (e.g. schizidia)
Most common in areas with a humid-warm climate (e.g. most of Tyrrenian Italy)

Commonnes-rarity: (info)

Alpine belt: absent
Subalpine belt: absent
Oromediterranean belt: absent
Montane belt: very rare
Submediterranean belt: extremely rare
Padanian area: absent
Humid submediterranean belt: extremely rare
Humid mediterranean belt: absent
Dry mediterranean belt: absent

pH of the substrata:

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Solar irradiation:

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Aridity:

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Eutrophication:

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Poleotolerance:

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Altitudinal distribution:

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Predictive model
Herbarium samples

Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Portugal: Madeira.



P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (14729)
2001/11/28
detail of isidia and cilia



P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (35081)
2002/05/22



P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (14729)
2001/11/28
detail of isidia and marginal cilia



P.L.Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (35081)
2008.03.06



P.L.Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (35081)
2008.03.06



P.L.Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (29259)
2008.03.06



P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Italy, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Udine, Bosco della Stua, Lago di Sauris, 1000m
09.09.2016


Leif Stridvall - Source: http://www.stridvall.se/la/galleries.php



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[10215], Spanien, Kanarische Inseln, La Gomera, zwischen Alto de Garajonay und dem Cruze de la Zarcita an der Höhenstraße beim Aussichtspunkt de Tajaque, 28°06.544’ N, 17°13.434’ W, 1310 m, in der nebelreichen Myrica-Erica-Zone. Leg. Schumm 16.04.2003



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[10215], Spanien, Kanarische Inseln, La Gomera, zwischen Alto de Garajonay und dem Cruze de la Zarcita an der Höhenstraße beim Aussichtspunkt de Tajaque, 28°06.544’ N, 17°13.434’ W, 1310 m, in der nebelreichen Myrica-Erica-Zone. Leg. Schumm 16.04.2003



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[10215], Spanien, Kanarische Inseln, La Gomera, zwischen Alto de Garajonay und dem Cruze de la Zarcita an der Höhenstraße beim Aussichtspunkt de Tajaque, 28°06.544’ N, 17°13.434’ W, 1310 m, in der nebelreichen Myrica-Erica-Zone. Leg. Schumm 16.04.2003



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[10215], Spanien, Kanarische Inseln, La Gomera, zwischen Alto de Garajonay und dem Cruze de la Zarcita an der Höhenstraße beim Aussichtspunkt de Tajaque, 28°06.544’ N, 17°13.434’ W, 1310 m, in der nebelreichen Myrica-Erica-Zone. Leg. Schumm 16.04.2003



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[10215], Spanien, Kanarische Inseln, La Gomera, zwischen Alto de Garajonay und dem Cruze de la Zarcita an der Höhenstraße beim Aussichtspunkt de Tajaque, 28°06.544’ N, 17°13.434’ W, 1310 m, in der nebelreichen Myrica-Erica-Zone. Leg. Schumm 16.04.2003



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[10215], Spanien, Kanarische Inseln, La Gomera, zwischen Alto de Garajonay und dem Cruze de la Zarcita an der Höhenstraße beim Aussichtspunkt de Tajaque, 28°06.544’ N, 17°13.434’ W, 1310 m, in der nebelreichen Myrica-Erica-Zone. Leg. Schumm 16.04.2003



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[10215], Spanien, Kanarische Inseln, La Gomera, zwischen Alto de Garajonay und dem Cruze de la Zarcita an der Höhenstraße beim Aussichtspunkt de Tajaque, 28°06.544’ N, 17°13.434’ W, 1310 m, in der nebelreichen Myrica-Erica-Zone. Leg. Schumm 16.04.2003



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[10215], Spanien, Kanarische Inseln, La Gomera, zwischen Alto de Garajonay und dem Cruze de la Zarcita an der Höhenstraße beim Aussichtspunkt de Tajaque, 28°06.544’ N, 17°13.434’ W, 1310 m, in der nebelreichen Myrica-Erica-Zone. Leg. Schumm 16.04.2003



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[10215], Spanien, Kanarische Inseln, La Gomera, zwischen Alto de Garajonay und dem Cruze de la Zarcita an der Höhenstraße beim Aussichtspunkt de Tajaque, 28°06.544’ N, 17°13.434’ W, 1310 m, in der nebelreichen Myrica-Erica-Zone. Leg. Schumm 16.04.2003



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[10215], Spanien, Kanarische Inseln, La Gomera, zwischen Alto de Garajonay und dem Cruze de la Zarcita an der Höhenstraße beim Aussichtspunkt de Tajaque, 28°06.544’ N, 17°13.434’ W, 1310 m, in der nebelreichen Myrica-Erica-Zone. Leg. Schumm 16.04.2003



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[19117], New Zealand, North Island, North Auckland, c. 0.5 km south of Kaiaua, west side of Firth of Thames, small stand of mangroves, on bark. Leg. J. Johnston (2257), 18.03.1985



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[19117], New Zealand, North Island, North Auckland, c. 0.5 km south of Kaiaua, west side of Firth of Thames, small stand of mangroves, on bark. Leg. J. Johnston (2257), 18.03.1985



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[19117], New Zealand, North Island, North Auckland, c. 0.5 km south of Kaiaua, west side of Firth of Thames, small stand of mangroves, on bark. Leg. J. Johnston (2257), 18.03.1985



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[19117], New Zealand, North Island, North Auckland, c. 0.5 km south of Kaiaua, west side of Firth of Thames, small stand of mangroves, on bark. Leg. J. Johnston (2257), 18.03.1985,
at: atranorin, st: stictic acid



P.L.Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (29259)
2008.03.06


Leif Stridvall - Source: http://www.stridvall.se/lichens/gallery/
Courtesy: Anita Stridvall


Nere Sorrentino
Spain, Canary Islands, Tenerife, Anaga


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_P/Parmotrema_crinitum.htm
France, 23/09/2015 - Fours - Nièvre


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=317&lang=en
France, Cap de la Chèvre


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=317&lang=en
France, Camaret


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=317&lang=en
France, Cap de la Chèvre


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=317&lang=en
France, Cap de la Chèvre


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=317&lang=en
France, Roscanvel


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=317&lang=en
France, Camaret


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=317&lang=en
France, Camaret


Antonio Valero Risoto - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=317&lang=en
Spain, La Coruña


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: hthttp://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1419&lang=en
France, Ile Vierge
saxicolous


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: hthttp://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1419&lang=en
France, Crozon
saxicolous


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: hthttp://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1419&lang=en
France, Crozon
saxicolous


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: hthttp://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1419&lang=en
France, Crozon
saxicolous


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: hthttp://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1419&lang=en
France, Crozon
saxicolous


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: hthttp://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1419&lang=en
France, Crozon
saxicolous


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: hthttp://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1419&lang=en
France, Crozon
saxicolous


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: hthttp://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1419&lang=en
France, Pointe de Dinan
saxicolous


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: hthttp://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1419&lang=en
France, Porz Kreguen
saxicolous



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
Image from: F. Schumm (2008) - Flechten Madeiras, der Kanaren und Azoren. Beck, OHG - ISBN: 978-3-00-023700-3


Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Portugal: Madeira.