Ramalina fastigiata (Pers.) Ach.
Lichenogr. Univ.: 603, 1810. Basionym: Lichen fastigiatus Pers. - N. Ann. Bot., 1: 156, 1794.
Synonyms: Ramalina calicaris var. fastigiata (Pers.) Fr.; Ramalina fastigiata f. torulosa A. Massal. ex Jatta; Ramalina fastigiata var. exasperata Delise; Ramalina fastigiata var. multipartita Erichsen; Ramalina fenestrata Motyka; Ramalina populina (Hoffm.) Vain.
Distribution: N - VG (Tretiach 1993, Castello 2002, Martellos & Castello 2004), Frl (Tretiach 1993, Tretiach & Molaro 2007), Ven (Tretiach 1993, Nascimbene & Caniglia 1997, 2002c, 2003c, Lazzarin 1997, 2000, Caniglia & al. 1999, Nascimbene 2005c, 2008c, Nascimbene & al. 2006c, 2010b, Nascimbene & Marini 2007), TAA (Nascimbene & Caniglia 2000b, Nascimbene 2003, 2005b, 2008b, Nascimbene & al. 2005, 2006, 2006e, 2022, Nimis & al. 2015), Lomb (Zocchi & al. 1997, Dalle Vedove & al. 2004, Furlanetto 2010, Gheza & al. 2023), Piem (Isocrono & al. 2004, Furlanetto 2010), Emil (Tretiach 1993, Nimis & al. 1996, Dalle Vedove & al. 2002, Benesperi 2009, Gerdol & al. 2014, Brackel 2015, Fariselli & al. 2020), Lig (Tretiach 1993, Brunialti & al. 1999, Putortì & al. 1999b, Giordani & al. 2002, Brunialti & Giordani 2003). C - Tosc (Tretiach 1993, Tretiach & Nimis 1994, Loppi & Putortì 1995b, Loppi 1996, Loppi & De Dominicis 1996, 1996b, Loppi & al. 1997, 1997b, 1998, 1999a, 2002, 2002c, 2003, 2004, 2004c, 2006, Monaci & al. 1997, Putortì & al. 1998, Loppi & Nascimbene 1998, 2010, Tretiach & Ganis 199, Putortì & Loppi 1999b 9, Senese & Critelli 2000, Paoli & Loppi 2001, 2008, Lorenzini & al. 2003, Landi & Loppi 2003, Loppi & Frati 2004, 2006, Benesperi 2006, 2011, Benesperi & al. 2007, Brackel 2008, Lastrucci & al. 2009, Pasquinelli & al. 2009, Brunialti & Frati 2010, Pasquinelli & Puccini 2010, Loppi & Pirintsos 2000, Paoli & al. 2012b, 2013, Brackel 2015, Frati & Brunialti 2023), Marc (Nimis & Tretiach 1999), Umb (Ravera 1998, Panfili 2000b, 2007, Ravera & al. 2006), Laz (Tretiach 1993, Bartoli & al. 1997, Ravera 2002, Ravera & al. 2003, Massari & Ravera 2002, Nimis & Tretiach 2004, Ruisi & al. 2005, Munzi & al. 2007, Zucconi & al. 2013, Brackel 2015), Abr (Tretiach 1993, Recchia & al. 1993, Olivieri & al. 1997, 1997b, Loppi & al. 1998d, 1999, Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Stofer 2006, Caporale & al. 2016, Gheza & al. 2021), Mol (Garofalo & al. 1999, Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Caporale & al. 2008, Genovesi & Ravera 2014, Brackel 2020, Caporale & Ravera 2020), Sar (Tretiach 1993, Zedda 1995, 2002, 2002b, Loi & al. 2000, Zedda & al. 2001, Rizzi & al. 2011, Cossu 2013, Neuwirth 2018, Brackel & Berger 2019, Di Nuzzo & al. 2022). S - Camp (Garofalo & al. 1999, 2010, Ricciardi & al. 2000, Aprile & al. 2002, 2003, 2003b, 2011, Nimis & Tretiach 2004, Brunialti & al. 2010, 2013, Nascimbene & al. 2010b, Ravera & Brunialti 2013, Catalano & al. 2016), Pugl (Garofalo & al. 1999, Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Durini & Medagli 2004, Brackel 2011, Gianfreda & Matino 2020), Bas (Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Potenza 2006, Brackel 2011, Ertz & al. 2015), Cal (Tretiach 1993, Puntillo 1996, Puntillo & Puntillo 2004, Incerti & Nimis 2006, Puntillo 2011, Brackel & Puntillo 2016), Si (Tretiach 1993, Merlo 1993, 2004, 2004b, Czeczuga & al. 1994, Nimis & al. 1994, Ottonello & Salone 1994, Ottonello & al. 1994, Grillo & Cristaudo 1995, Ottonello 1996, Ottonello & Romano 1997, Schicchi & al. 1997, Grillo 1998, Grillo & Caniglia 2004, 2006, Stofer 2006, Brackel 2008b, 2008c, Gianguzzi & al. 2009, Liistro & Cataldo 2011, Campisi & al. 2020).
Description: Thallus fruticose, green, forming up to c. 4 cm wide tufts, richly branched from a basal holdfast. Branches erect, to 6 cm long and 8 mm wide, distinctly flattened at least at the base, sometimes hollow (especially below the apothecia), longitudinally wrinkled (rarely weakly fenestrate). Cortex 2-layered, the outer part paraplectenchymatous, the inner part cartilaginous; medulla white, of loosely interwoven hyphae, especially in the central part of branches. Apothecia always present, lecanorine, terminal, to 7 mm across (usually less), often appearing at one level and sometimes totally obscuring the lobes, short-stalked, with a greenish to pale brown, often pruinose disc, and a thin thalline margin. Epithecium pale brownish-olive; hymenium and hypothecium colourless; paraphyses thick-walled, richly branched in upper part. Asci 8-spored, clavate to cylindrical-clavate, the apical dome K/I+ dark blue with a pale, conical-pointed apical cushion (axial mass) never penetrating through the entire d-layer, the wall K/I-, but the thin outer gel K/I+ blue, Bacidia-type. Ascospores 1-septate, hyaline, often curved and kidney-shaped, 12-18 x 5-8 μm. Photobiont: chlorococcoid. Spot tests: cortex and medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-. Chemistry: cortex with usnic acid; medulla with substances of the evernic acid complex.Note: a widespread, mainly temperate lichen found on broad-leaved, more rarely coniferous trees in open stands; still common throughout Italy, but almost extinct in the plains of the North; some morphs from humid beech forests of Southern Italy deserve further study.
Growth form: Fruticose
Substrata: bark
Photobiont: green algae other than Trentepohlia
Reproductive strategy: mainly sexual
Commonnes-rarity: (info)
Alpine belt: absent
Subalpine belt: rare
Oromediterranean belt: absent
Montane belt: common
Submediterranean belt: rather rare
Padanian area: extremely rare
Humid submediterranean belt: rather common
Humid mediterranean belt: rather rare
Dry mediterranean belt: extremely rare
Predictive model
Herbarium samples
Leif Stridvall - Source: http://www.stridvall.se/la/galleries.php
P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (32529)
2001/12/07
Andres Saag; Owner: University of Tartu
Triin Aimla; Owner: University of Tartu
Harry Taylor; Owner: Natural History Museum London
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[1431], Österreich, Land Salzburg, Steir. Salzkammergut, Mitterndorf bei der Sonnenalm, an Laubbaum. Leg. et det. F. Schumm 01.01.1969
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[5518], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Zollernalbkreis, Lochenstein südlich von Balingen, Weißjura, ca. 964 m, 48°13.048’ N, 8°51.075’ E; auf Fraxinus, TK: 7719/3. Leg. F. Schumm & U. Schwarz 25.04.1999, det. F. Schumm.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[5518], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Zollernalbkreis, Lochenstein südlich von Balingen, Weißjura, ca. 964 m, 48°13.048’ N, 8°51.075’ E; auf Fraxinus, TK: 7719/3. Leg. F. Schumm & U. Schwarz 25.04.1999, det. F. Schumm.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[11845], Spanien, Balearen, Mallorca, Serranias de Levante, Nordostküste bei Capdepera, in Kiefernwald oberhalb des Sportplatzes, epiphytisch, 120 m. Leg. A. Schäfer-Verwimp 2.04.1985 (Nr. Ma 33 F), det. F. Schumm 11.2004.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[11845], Spanien, Balearen, Mallorca, Serranias de Levante, Nordostküste bei Capdepera, in Kiefernwald oberhalb des Sportplatzes, epiphytisch, 120 m. Leg. A. Schäfer-Verwimp 2.04.1985 (Nr. Ma 33 F), det. F. Schumm 11.2004.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[11845], Spanien, Balearen, Mallorca, Serranias de Levante, Nordostküste bei Capdepera, in Kiefernwald oberhalb des Sportplatzes, epiphytisch, 120 m. Leg. A. Schäfer-Verwimp 2.04.1985 (Nr. Ma 33 F), det. F. Schumm 11.2004.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[11845], Spanien, Balearen, Mallorca, Serranias de Levante, Nordostküste bei Capdepera, in Kiefernwald oberhalb des Sportplatzes, epiphytisch, 120 m. Leg. A. Schäfer-Verwimp 2.04.1985 (Nr. Ma 33 F), det. F. Schumm 11.2004.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[11845], Spanien, Balearen, Mallorca, Serranias de Levante, Nordostküste bei Capdepera, in Kiefernwald oberhalb des Sportplatzes, epiphytisch, 120 m. Leg. A. Schäfer-Verwimp 2.04.1985 (Nr. Ma 33 F), det. F. Schumm 11.2004.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[11845], Spanien, Balearen, Mallorca, Serranias de Levante, Nordostküste bei Capdepera, in Kiefernwald oberhalb des Sportplatzes, epiphytisch, 120 m. Leg. A. Schäfer-Verwimp 2.04.1985 (Nr. Ma 33 F), det. F. Schumm 11.2004.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[11845], Spanien, Balearen, Mallorca, Serranias de Levante, Nordostküste bei Capdepera, in Kiefernwald oberhalb des Sportplatzes, epiphytisch, 120 m. Leg. A. Schäfer-Verwimp 2.04.1985 (Nr. Ma 33 F), det. F. Schumm 11.2004.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[12476], Griechenland, N-Samos, an den Sträßchen von Vourliotes zum Lazarou Massiv (Mt. Ambelos), 37°45.569' N, 26°50.625' E, 780 m. Leg. R. Düll, Wunder, F. Schumm 10.05.2006 (16), conf. A. Aptroot 2007.
Leif Stridvall
Courtesy: Anita Stridvall
Leif Stridvall
Courtesy: Anita Stridvall
Leif Stridvall
Courtesy: Anita Stridvall
Leif Stridvall
Courtesy: Anita Stridvall
Leif Stridvall
Courtesy: Anita Stridvall
Walter Obermayer CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: Lichens of Noricum - http://lichens-of-noricum.uni-graz.at/
Walter Obermayer CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: Lichens of Noricum - http://lichens-of-noricum.uni-graz.at/
Walter Obermayer CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: Lichens of Noricum - http://lichens-of-noricum.uni-graz.at/
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Guilvinec
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Crozon
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Le Fret
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Lesteven
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Lesteven
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Point Croix
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Point Croix
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Crozon
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Crozon
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Crozon
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Crozon
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Lesteven
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1057&lang=en
France, La Palue
forme ramicole - This form differs from the type by its less compact appearance and its often sterile more or less divided branches arranged without order, its rarer (but always terminal) apothecia. It comes on the small twigs of shrubs: Tamarix, Prunus... permanently subjected to winds and spray by the sea where several specimens form a set of intertwined twigs.
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1057&lang=en
France, La Palue
forme ramicole - This form differs from the type by its less compact appearance and its often sterile more or less divided branches arranged without order, its rarer (but always terminal) apothecia. It comes on the small twigs of shrubs: Tamarix, Prunus... permanently subjected to winds and spray by the sea where several specimens form a set of intertwined twigs.
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1057&lang=en
France, La Palue
forme ramicole - This form differs from the type by its less compact appearance and its often sterile more or less divided branches arranged without order, its rarer (but always terminal) apothecia. It comes on the small twigs of shrubs: Tamarix, Prunus... permanently subjected to winds and spray by the sea where several specimens form a set of intertwined twigs.
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1057&lang=en
France, La Palue
forme ramicole - This form differs from the type by its less compact appearance and its often sterile more or less divided branches arranged without order, its rarer (but always terminal) apothecia. It comes on the small twigs of shrubs: Tamarix, Prunus... permanently subjected to winds and spray by the sea where several specimens form a set of intertwined twigs.
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1057&lang=en
France, La Palue
forme ramicole - This form differs from the type by its less compact appearance and its often sterile more or less divided branches arranged without order, its rarer (but always terminal) apothecia. It comes on the small twigs of shrubs: Tamarix, Prunus... permanently subjected to winds and spray by the sea where several specimens form a set of intertwined twigs.
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1057&lang=en
France, Kerdreux
forme ramicole - This form differs from the type by its less compact appearance and its often sterile more or less divided branches arranged without order, its rarer (but always terminal) apothecia. It comes on the small twigs of shrubs: Tamarix, Prunus... permanently subjected to winds and spray by the sea where several specimens form a set of intertwined twigs.
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1057&lang=en
France, Kerdreux
forme ramicole - This form differs from the type by its less compact appearance and its often sterile more or less divided branches arranged without order, its rarer (but always terminal) apothecia. It comes on the small twigs of shrubs: Tamarix, Prunus... permanently subjected to winds and spray by the sea where several specimens form a set of intertwined twigs.
Growth form: Fruticose
Substrata: bark
Photobiont: green algae other than Trentepohlia
Reproductive strategy: mainly sexual
Commonnes-rarity: (info)
Alpine belt: absent
Subalpine belt: rare
Oromediterranean belt: absent
Montane belt: common
Submediterranean belt: rather rare
Padanian area: extremely rare
Humid submediterranean belt: rather common
Humid mediterranean belt: rather rare
Dry mediterranean belt: extremely rare
Predictive model
| Herbarium samples |
Index Fungorum
GBIF
Leif Stridvall - Source: http://www.stridvall.se/la/galleries.php
P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (32529)
2001/12/07
Andres Saag; Owner: University of Tartu
Triin Aimla; Owner: University of Tartu
Harry Taylor; Owner: Natural History Museum London
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[1431], Österreich, Land Salzburg, Steir. Salzkammergut, Mitterndorf bei der Sonnenalm, an Laubbaum. Leg. et det. F. Schumm 01.01.1969
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[5518], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Zollernalbkreis, Lochenstein südlich von Balingen, Weißjura, ca. 964 m, 48°13.048’ N, 8°51.075’ E; auf Fraxinus, TK: 7719/3. Leg. F. Schumm & U. Schwarz 25.04.1999, det. F. Schumm.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[5518], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Zollernalbkreis, Lochenstein südlich von Balingen, Weißjura, ca. 964 m, 48°13.048’ N, 8°51.075’ E; auf Fraxinus, TK: 7719/3. Leg. F. Schumm & U. Schwarz 25.04.1999, det. F. Schumm.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[11845], Spanien, Balearen, Mallorca, Serranias de Levante, Nordostküste bei Capdepera, in Kiefernwald oberhalb des Sportplatzes, epiphytisch, 120 m. Leg. A. Schäfer-Verwimp 2.04.1985 (Nr. Ma 33 F), det. F. Schumm 11.2004.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[11845], Spanien, Balearen, Mallorca, Serranias de Levante, Nordostküste bei Capdepera, in Kiefernwald oberhalb des Sportplatzes, epiphytisch, 120 m. Leg. A. Schäfer-Verwimp 2.04.1985 (Nr. Ma 33 F), det. F. Schumm 11.2004.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[11845], Spanien, Balearen, Mallorca, Serranias de Levante, Nordostküste bei Capdepera, in Kiefernwald oberhalb des Sportplatzes, epiphytisch, 120 m. Leg. A. Schäfer-Verwimp 2.04.1985 (Nr. Ma 33 F), det. F. Schumm 11.2004.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[11845], Spanien, Balearen, Mallorca, Serranias de Levante, Nordostküste bei Capdepera, in Kiefernwald oberhalb des Sportplatzes, epiphytisch, 120 m. Leg. A. Schäfer-Verwimp 2.04.1985 (Nr. Ma 33 F), det. F. Schumm 11.2004.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[11845], Spanien, Balearen, Mallorca, Serranias de Levante, Nordostküste bei Capdepera, in Kiefernwald oberhalb des Sportplatzes, epiphytisch, 120 m. Leg. A. Schäfer-Verwimp 2.04.1985 (Nr. Ma 33 F), det. F. Schumm 11.2004.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[11845], Spanien, Balearen, Mallorca, Serranias de Levante, Nordostküste bei Capdepera, in Kiefernwald oberhalb des Sportplatzes, epiphytisch, 120 m. Leg. A. Schäfer-Verwimp 2.04.1985 (Nr. Ma 33 F), det. F. Schumm 11.2004.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[11845], Spanien, Balearen, Mallorca, Serranias de Levante, Nordostküste bei Capdepera, in Kiefernwald oberhalb des Sportplatzes, epiphytisch, 120 m. Leg. A. Schäfer-Verwimp 2.04.1985 (Nr. Ma 33 F), det. F. Schumm 11.2004.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[12476], Griechenland, N-Samos, an den Sträßchen von Vourliotes zum Lazarou Massiv (Mt. Ambelos), 37°45.569' N, 26°50.625' E, 780 m. Leg. R. Düll, Wunder, F. Schumm 10.05.2006 (16), conf. A. Aptroot 2007.
Leif Stridvall
Courtesy: Anita Stridvall
Leif Stridvall
Courtesy: Anita Stridvall
Leif Stridvall
Courtesy: Anita Stridvall
Leif Stridvall
Courtesy: Anita Stridvall
Leif Stridvall
Courtesy: Anita Stridvall
Walter Obermayer CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: Lichens of Noricum - http://lichens-of-noricum.uni-graz.at/
Walter Obermayer CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: Lichens of Noricum - http://lichens-of-noricum.uni-graz.at/
Walter Obermayer CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: Lichens of Noricum - http://lichens-of-noricum.uni-graz.at/
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Guilvinec
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Crozon
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Le Fret
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Lesteven
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Lesteven
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Point Croix
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Point Croix
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Crozon
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Crozon
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Crozon
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Crozon
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=394&lang=en
France, Lesteven
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1057&lang=en
France, La Palue
forme ramicole - This form differs from the type by its less compact appearance and its often sterile more or less divided branches arranged without order, its rarer (but always terminal) apothecia. It comes on the small twigs of shrubs: Tamarix, Prunus... permanently subjected to winds and spray by the sea where several specimens form a set of intertwined twigs.
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1057&lang=en
France, La Palue
forme ramicole - This form differs from the type by its less compact appearance and its often sterile more or less divided branches arranged without order, its rarer (but always terminal) apothecia. It comes on the small twigs of shrubs: Tamarix, Prunus... permanently subjected to winds and spray by the sea where several specimens form a set of intertwined twigs.
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1057&lang=en
France, La Palue
forme ramicole - This form differs from the type by its less compact appearance and its often sterile more or less divided branches arranged without order, its rarer (but always terminal) apothecia. It comes on the small twigs of shrubs: Tamarix, Prunus... permanently subjected to winds and spray by the sea where several specimens form a set of intertwined twigs.
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1057&lang=en
France, La Palue
forme ramicole - This form differs from the type by its less compact appearance and its often sterile more or less divided branches arranged without order, its rarer (but always terminal) apothecia. It comes on the small twigs of shrubs: Tamarix, Prunus... permanently subjected to winds and spray by the sea where several specimens form a set of intertwined twigs.
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1057&lang=en
France, La Palue
forme ramicole - This form differs from the type by its less compact appearance and its often sterile more or less divided branches arranged without order, its rarer (but always terminal) apothecia. It comes on the small twigs of shrubs: Tamarix, Prunus... permanently subjected to winds and spray by the sea where several specimens form a set of intertwined twigs.
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1057&lang=en
France, Kerdreux
forme ramicole - This form differs from the type by its less compact appearance and its often sterile more or less divided branches arranged without order, its rarer (but always terminal) apothecia. It comes on the small twigs of shrubs: Tamarix, Prunus... permanently subjected to winds and spray by the sea where several specimens form a set of intertwined twigs.
