Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. subsp. geographicum

in Lamarck & de Candolle, Fl. Franç., 3 éd., 2: 365, 1805. Basionym: Lichen geographicus L. - Sp. Pl., 2: 1140, 1753.
Synonyms: Lecidea atrovirens (L.) Ach.; Lecidea atrovirens var. geographica (L.) Ach.; Lecidea geographica (L.) Rebent.; Lecidea geographica var. atrovirens (L.) Schaer.; Lichen atrovirens L.; Patellaria geographica (L.) Duby; Rhizocarpon arnoldii Räsänen; Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. s.lat.; Rhizocarpon geographicum var. atrovirens (L.) Körb.; Rhizocarpon haeyrenii Räsänen; Rhizocarpon semilecanorinum Räsänen; Rhizocarpon tinei sensu Runemark excl. subsp. tinei; Rhizocarpon tinei subsp. vulgare Runemark
Distribution: N - Frl (Zwanzinger 1869, Tretiach & Hafellner 2000), Ven (Nascimbene & Caniglia 1997, Caniglia & al. 1999, Nascimbene 2005c), TAA (Diederich & Etayo 2000, Caniglia & al. 2002, Nascimbene 2003, 2005b, 2006c, 2008b, Nascimbene & al. 2022), Lomb (Rambold & al. 1998, Valcuvia & al. 2003, De Vita & Valcuvia 2004, Dalle Vedove & al. 2004, Brackel 2013, Favero-Longo & al. 2023), Piem (Morisi & Sereno 1995, Isocrono & Falletti 1999, Isocrono & al. 2003, 2004, 2006, Favero-Longo & al. 2004, 2006b, 2015, Hafellner 2007, Isocrono & Piervittori 2008, Giordani & al. 2014, Gheza & Nascimbene 2024), VA (Borlandelli & al. 1996, Piervittori & Isocrono 1997, 1999, Piervittori & al. 1998, 2001, 2004, Favero-Longo & al. 2005b, 2014, Matteucci & al. 2008c, 2012, 2013b, 2015c, Isocrono & al. 2008, Favero-Longo & Piervittori 2009, Blisa & al. 2011, Sandrone & al. 2013, Sandrone 2014), Emil (Dalle Vedove & al. 2002, Tretiach & al. 2008, Fariselli & al. 2020, Brackel 2023), Lig (Brunialti & al. 1999, Ravera & al. 2022). C - Tosc (Tretiach & al. 2008, Lastrucci & al. 2009, Benesperi 2006, Pasquinelli & Puccini 2010, Pasquinelli & al. 2013, Brackel 2015), Marc, Umb (Ravera & al. 2006), Laz, Abr (Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Brackel 2015, 2023), Mol (Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Caporale & al. 2008, Genovesi & Ravera 2014), Sar (Monte 1993, Nöske 2000, Rizzi & al. 2011, Terribile & al. 2012, Giordani & al. 2013, Cossu & al. 2015, Neuwirth 2018, Brackel 2023). S - Camp (Aprile & al. 2003b, Catalano & al. 2016), Pugl, Bas (Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Potenza 2006, Brackel & Puntillo 2023), Cal (Puntillo 1996, Scarciglia & al. 2007, Puntillo & Puntillo 2015b, Brackel & Puntillo 2016, Brackel 2023), Si (Ottonello & al. 1994, Poli & al. 1995, Schicchi & al. 1997, Grillo 1998, Grillo & Caniglia 2004, Brackel 2008b, 2008c, 2023, Campisi & al. 2020).
Description: Thallus crustose, bright to pale yellow-green, areolate, forming patches 2-8 cm in diam., delimited by a black prothallus which is often visible also as a hypothallus between areoles. Areoles angular, 0.4-0.8 mm wide, contiguous, flat to slightly convex, smooth, epruinose, usually matt. Cortex 30-60 µm thick, without distinct structure; medulla white, I+ blue. Apothecia frequent, lecideine, arising between the areoles, angular, 0.3-0.7 mm across, with a black, flat to weakly convex, epruinose disc, and a soon excluded proper margin. Proper exciple pale brown to brownish red; epithecium reddish brown to reddish violet, K+ distinctly red; hymenium 110-160 µm thick, colourless to greenish, K/I+blue, K+ greenish; paraphysoids strongly conglutinate, richly branched and anastomosing, clavate; hypothecium dark brown, K-. Asci 8-spored, clavate, fissitunicate, with a well-developed tholus, lacking an ocular chamber, Rhizocarpon-type. Ascospores muriform, soon becoming dark green to brown, ellipsoid, 24-40(-50) x 11-16(-20) µm, halonate. Photobiont chlorococcoid. Spot tests: medulla K-, C-, KC-, P+ yellow. Chemistry: cortex with rhizocarpic acid; medulla with psoromic acid; epithecium with gyrophoric acid.
Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine, circumpolar, polymorphic lichen of siliceous rocks wetted by rain. Here I place all records of Rh. geographicum without indication of the subspecies: this taxon badly needs a revision worldwide (see Roca-Valiente & al. 2016).
Growth form: Crustose
Substrata: rocks
Photobiont: green algae other than Trentepohlia
Reproductive strategy: mainly sexual

Commonnes-rarity: (info)

Alpine belt: very common
Subalpine belt: extremely common
Oromediterranean belt: rather common
Montane belt: common
Submediterranean belt: very rare
Padanian area: absent
Humid submediterranean belt: very rare
Humid mediterranean belt: extremely rare
Dry mediterranean belt: extremely rare

pH of the substrata:

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Solar irradiation:

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Aridity:

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Eutrophication:

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Poleotolerance:

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Altitudinal distribution:

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Predictive model
Herbarium samples

Leif Stridvall - Source: http://www.stridvall.se/la/galleries.php



P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (4015)
2001/12/11


Andres Saag; Owner: University of Tartu



Tomi Trilar; Owner: Slovenian Museum of Natural History
Italy, Piemonte, Ivrea, Ivrea (mountains)
13.09,2007



Tomi Trilar; Owner: Slovenian Museum of Natural History
Italy, Piemonte, Ivrea, Ivrea (mountains)
13.09,2007



Tomi Trilar; Owner: Slovenian Museum of Natural History
Italy, Piemonte, Ivrea, Ivrea (mountains)
13.09,2007



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[14282]Österreich, Vorarlberg: Verwall-Gruppe, Silbertal ca. 7 km E von Schruns, zwischen dem Teufelsbach Wasserfall und dem Gasthof Fellimännle, 47°05' N, 10°00' E, ca 900-1100 m, GF 8926/1, an Silikatfelsen im koniferenreichen Mischwald in Bachnähe. Leg. Schumm & Schönbrodt 30.08.2008. Det. Schumm (vid Feuerer) 2008



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[14282]Österreich, Vorarlberg: Verwall-Gruppe, Silbertal ca. 7 km E von Schruns, zwischen dem Teufelsbach Wasserfall und dem Gasthof Fellimännle, 47°05' N, 10°00' E, ca 900-1100 m, GF 8926/1, an Silikatfelsen im koniferenreichen Mischwald in Bachnähe. Leg. Schumm & Schönbrodt 30.08.2008. Det. Schumm (vid Feuerer) 2008



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[14282]Österreich, Vorarlberg: Verwall-Gruppe, Silbertal ca. 7 km E von Schruns, zwischen dem Teufelsbach Wasserfall und dem Gasthof Fellimännle, 47°05' N, 10°00' E, ca 900-1100 m, GF 8926/1, an Silikatfelsen im koniferenreichen Mischwald in Bachnähe. Leg. Schumm & Schönbrodt 30.08.2008. Det. Schumm (vid Feuerer) 2008



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[16529], Österreich, nordöstlich von Ischgl beim Silvretta Stausee, ca. 2000 m. Leg. A. Matuschewski 07.2010. Det. Schumm 07.2010



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[16529], Österreich, nordöstlich von Ischgl beim Silvretta Stausee, ca. 2000 m. Leg. A. Matuschewski 07.2010. Det. Schumm 07.2010


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1417&lang=en
France, Pointe du Van


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1417&lang=en
France, Pointe du Van


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1417&lang=en
France, Pointe du Van


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1417&lang=en
France, Pointe du Van


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1417&lang=en
France, Pointe du Van


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1417&lang=en
France, Pointe du Van


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1417&lang=en
France, Pointe du Van


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1417&lang=en
France, Pointe du Van


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1417&lang=en
France, Pointe du Van


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=1417&lang=en
France, Pointe du Van