ITALIC 8.0

Spilonema paradoxum Bornet

Mém. Soc. Imp. Sc. Nat. Cherbourg, 4: 225, 1856.

Synonyms: Spilonema pannosum Hy; Spilonema tenellum Vain.

Distribution: N - TAA, Lig. C - Tosc, Sar (TSB 13292).

Description: Thallus minutely filamentous, blackish, forming irregular, flattened, up to 2 cm wide mats. Filaments loosely interwoven, prostrate, up to 4 mm long and to 40 µm thick, branched perpendicularly to the main axis, with blue-green rhizohyphae at the base, consisting of 1- or 2-seriate cyanobacterial trichomes surrounded by a gelatinous sheath permeated (except at the tips of filaments) with a network of fungal hyphae; outer hyphae giving rise to thinner hyphae which penetrate among the cyanobacterial cells. Apothecia rare, biatorine, 0.2-1 mm across, superficial, arising at the tip of short, thickened lateral branches, with a convex disc, immarginate. Proper exciple thin, of radially arranged hyphae; hymenium 55-60 µm high, pale violet in upper part, I+ blue; paraphyses thick, branched; hypothecium colourless, paraplectenchymatous. Asci 8-spored, cylindrical, thick-walled, with a K/I+ blue apical thickening. Ascospores 1-celled, hyaline, ellipsoid or slightly kidney-shaped, 7-9 x 2-3 µm, the wall green-black, N+ red, the conidiogenous cells short, catenate. Conidia acrogenous and pleurogenous, simple, hyaline, short-bacilliform, 2-3 x c. 1 µm. Photobiont cyanobacterial (Stigonema). Spot tests: all negative. Chemistry: without lichen substances.

Note: a widespread lichen found on sun-exposed, inclined to vertical seepage tracks of basic siliceous rocks below the subalpine belt; perhaps overlooked, but certainly not common in Italy.

Growth form: Crustose

Substrata: rocks

Photobiont: cyanobacteria, filamentous (e.g. Nostoc, Scytonema)

Reproductive strategy: mainly sexual

Subcontinental: restricted to areas with a dry-subcontinental climate (e.g. dry Alpine valleys, parts of Mediterranean Italy)

On otherwise dry surfaces with short periods of water seepage after rain

Commonnes-rarity: (info)

Alpine belt: absent

Subalpine belt: absent

Oromediterranean belt: absent

Montane belt: extremely rare

Submediterranean belt: very rare

Padanian area: absent

Humid submediterranean belt: very rare

Humid mediterranean belt: extremely rare

Dry mediterranean belt: absent

pH of the substrata:

1

2

3

4

5

(info)

Solar irradiation:

1

2

3

4

5

(info)

Aridity:

1

2

3

4

5

(info)

Eutrophication:

1

2

3

4

5

(info)

Poleotolerance:

0

1

2

3

(info)

Altitudinal distribution:

1

2

3

4

5

6

(info)

Predictive model

Herbarium samples

Index Fungorum GBIF

P.L. Nimis CC BY-SA 04

TSB 13293

Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_S/Text_S/Spilonema_paradoxum.htm

France, stage micro de nov. 2015 - Saint-Prejet-Armandon - Haute-Loire - (43) - sur rocher à serpentine

Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_S/Text_S/Spilonema_paradoxum.htm

France, stage micro de nov. 2015 - Saint-Prejet-Armandon - Haute-Loire - (43) - sur rocher à serpentine

Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_S/Text_S/Spilonema_paradoxum.htm

France, stage micro de nov. 2015 - Saint-Prejet-Armandon - Haute-Loire - (43) - sur rocher à serpentine

Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_S/Text_S/Spilonema_paradoxum.htm

France, stage micro de nov. 2015 - Saint-Prejet-Armandon - Haute-Loire - (43) - sur rocher à serpentine

Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_S/Text_S/Spilonema_paradoxum.htm

France, stage micro de nov. 2015 - Saint-Prejet-Armandon - Haute-Loire - (43) - sur rocher à serpentine