Verrucaria macrostoma DC.

Dufour ex DC. in Lamarck & de Candolle, Fl. Franç., éd. 3, 2: 319, 1805.
Synonyms: Lithocia macrostoma (DC.) A. Massal.; Lithocia thrombioides (A. Massal.) Bagl.; Verrucaria macrostoma DC. f. macrostoma; Verrucaria macrostoma f. intermedia Anzi; Verrucaria macrostoma f. terrestris B. de Lesd.; Verrucaria thrombioides A. Massal.; Verrucaria viridula auct. p.p. non (Schrad.) Ach.
Distribution: N - VG (Castello 2002, Martellos & Castello 2004), Frl (Nimis & Salvadori 1998, Nascimbene & Salvadori 2008), Ven (Caniglia & al. 1993, Lazzarin 2000b, Nascimbene & Salvadori 2008, Nascimbene 2008), TAA (Spitale & Nascimbene 2012), Lomb (Gheza & al. 2015, 2023, Gheza 2018), Piem (Isocrono & al. 2004, Gazzano & al. 2009, Gazzano & al. 2009b, Morando & al. 2016, 2019), VA (Piervittori & Isocrono 1999, Gazzano & al. 2009, 2009b, Matteucci & al. 2013, 2015c), Emil (Nimis & al. 1996, Valcuvia & Grieco 1995, Valcuvia & Savino 2000, Fariselli & al. 2020), Lig (Valcuvia & al. 2000, Giordani & al. 2016). C - Tosc, Marc (Nimis & Tretiach 1999), Umb (Panfili 2000, Ravera & al. 2006, Genovesi 2011), Laz (Bartoli 1997b), Abr (Nimis & Tretiach 1999), Mol (Nimis & Tretiach, 1999, 2004, Caporale & al. 2008), Sar. S - Camp (Aprile & al. 2002, 2003, 2003b, Nimis & Tretiach 2004, Catalano & al. 2016, Cicardi & al. 2025), Pugl, Bas (Nimis & Tretiach 1999), Cal (Puntillo 1996), Si (Ottonello & Salone 1994, Ottonello & al. 1994, Ottonello 1996, Poli & al. 1997, Grillo 1998, Caniglia & Grillo 2001, 2005, 2006, Grillo & al. 2001, 2002, Grillo & Caniglia 2004, Cataldo & Cannavò 2014).
Description: Thallus crustose, episubstratic, ochraceous to medium brown, dull, well-developed, up to several cm wide, 0.3-0.55 mm thick, rimose-areolate to almost subsquamulose, the areoles polygonal, 0.5-2 mm wide, flat to slightly convex, with finely toothed margins, not sorediate/blastidiate. Cortex thin to thick (5-40 μm), paraplectenchymatous, often overlain with a 5-15 μm thick epinecral layer; algal layer markedly thin, 5-15 μm thick; medulla white to patchily brownish, not forming a black basal layer. Perithecia black, largely immersed in the thallus to slightly projecting, the visible part up to 0.4 mm wide. Involucrellum well-developed, appressed to exciple or slightly spreading in lowermost part, encircling c. the upper third of the perithecium, rarely dimidiate, up to 150 μm thick in lower part; exciple globose or broadly pyriform, 0.3-0.4(-0.5) mm across, the wall c. 25 μm thick, dark brown in outer part, colourless in inner part; hamathecium of weakly branched and anastomosing periphysoids measuring 35-45 x 3-4 μm, interascal filaments absent; hymenial gel hemiamyloid, I+ red (I+ blue at very low concentrations of I), K/I+ blue. Asci 8-spored, clavate, I-, fissitunicate, the wall thickened above, with an ocular chamber, dehiscent by extrusion of an endotunica to form a delicate rostrum, Verrucaria-type, 85-100 x 27-30 μm. Ascospores 1-celled, hyaline, ellipsoid, (20-)24-28(-30) x (9.5-)10-14(-15) μm, (1.7-)2-2.4(-2.8) times as long as wide. Photobiont chlorococcoid. Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-. Chemistry: without lichen substances.
Note: an early coloniser of walls (mortar, brick, cement, limestone) in urban settlements, but also found on calcareous rocks in natural environments, with a wide ecological amplitude, from horizontal to steeply inclined faces visited by birds. According to Breuss & Berger (2010), however, the species has been often misunderstood and is perhaps less common than usually assumed, having been confused with other similar species; Italian material needs revision.
Growth form: Crustose
Substrata: rocks
Photobiont: green algae other than Trentepohlia
Reproductive strategy: mainly sexual
In underhangs rarely wetted by rain
Pioneer species

Commonnes-rarity: (info)

Alpine belt: absent
Subalpine belt: extremely rare
Oromediterranean belt: absent
Montane belt: very rare
Submediterranean belt: rather common
Padanian area: very rare
Humid submediterranean belt: rather common
Humid mediterranean belt: rather rare
Dry mediterranean belt: extremely rare

pH of the substrata:

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Solar irradiation:

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Aridity:

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Eutrophication:

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Poleotolerance:

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Altitudinal distribution:

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Predictive model
Herbarium samples
DOLICHENS

Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=513&lang=en
France, Plougastel-Daoulas



Andrea Moro; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Italy, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Trieste, Conconello
14/02/2017



Andrea Moro; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Italy, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Trieste, Conconello
14/02/2017



P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (32537)
2002/02/23


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=513&lang=en
France, Le Passage


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=513&lang=en
France, Sainte Anne la Palud


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=513&lang=en
France, L'Aber, Rozan


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=513&lang=en
France, Le Passage


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=513&lang=en
France, Sainte Anne la Palud


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=513&lang=en
France, Plougastel-Daoulas



Andrea Moro - CC BY-SA 4.0; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Italy, 02.2017, Trieste, Conconello


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=513&lang=en
France, Plougastel-Daoulas


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=513&lang=en
France, Sainte Anne la Palud


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=513&lang=en
France, Sainte Anne la Palud


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=513&lang=en
France, Landevennec


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=513&lang=en
France, L'Aber


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=513&lang=en
France, L'Aber


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=513&lang=en
France, L'Aber


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=513&lang=en
France, L'Aber


Wolfgang von Brackel - CC BY-4.0
Germany, Bavaria, Walberla


Collezione lichenologica Abramo Massalongo del Museo di Storia Naturale G. Ligabue di Venezia - Autori: Seggi, Linda; Trabucco, Raffaella Proprietà: Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia - CC BY-NC
Italy, Veneto, in opp. S. Rocchetto Prope Veronam. 1855
Lithoicea macrostoma Massal. (spec. malum.)


Collezione lichenologica Abramo Massalongo del Museo di Storia Naturale G. Ligabue di Venezia - Autori: Seggi, Linda; Trabucco, Raffaella Proprietà: Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia - CC BY-NC
Italy, Veneto, in urbe Veronae Tonini


Zschacke, H. (1934) Epigloeaceae, Verrucariaceae und Dermatocarpaceae. In: Dr. L. Rabenhorst‘s Kryptogamen-Flora, Band 9, Abt. 1, Teil 1. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, 695 pp. - Public Domain


Zschacke, H. (1934) Epigloeaceae, Verrucariaceae und Dermatocarpaceae. In: Dr. L. Rabenhorst‘s Kryptogamen-Flora, Band 9, Abt. 1, Teil 1. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, 695 pp. - Public Domain


Source: Servit, M 1949: Nove nebo mene zname druhy lisejnikove celedi Verrucariaceae. Species Verrucariacearum (Lichenes) novae vel minus cognitae. - Sbornik Narodniho Musea v Praze 5(9): 1-51. Tab.2 - Public Domain


G. Gibelli, in S. Garovaglio, 1865 Tentamen Dispositionis Methodicae Lichenum In Longobardia Nascentium. Mediolanum