Calicium hyperelloides Nyl.

Syn. Meth. Lich., 1, (2: 153, 1860.
Synonyms:
Distribution:
Description: Thallus crustose, thinly episubstratic (rarely almost endosubstratic), minutely verrucose, greenish to yellowish green. Apothecia long-stalked, pin-like, black, but often white-pruinose on the edges and lower side of capitulum. Stalk glossy black, medium brown in section. 0.48-0.65 mm tall, 4-5.5 times as tall as the width of the stalk, 0.09-0.15 mm thick, of sclerotized, densely and irregularly interwoven hyphae. Capitulum lenticular, 0.17-0.27 mm across, with a black mazaedium. Exciple of dark brown, elongate and interwoven hyphae with thickened walls, or of almost isodiametric cells; inner surface of exciple sometimes lined by a layer of minute crystals that appears as a yellow lining of the border of the mazaedium; hypothecium dark brown, with a convex upper surface. Asci cylindrical, formed singly from ascogenous hyphae with croziers, dissolving at an early age into a well-developed, black mazaedium, with uniseriately arranged spores, 41-45 x 4.7-5.7 µm. Ascospores 1-septate, brown, ellipsoid, 10.9-12.7 x 5.2-6 µm, with a minutely uneven and cracked wall. Photobiont chlorococcoid. Spot-tests: thallus usually K+ dull yellow, C+ orange, KC+ orange-red, P-, UV+ dark orange, rarely K-. C-, KC-; ascomata I- in all parts. Chemistry: chemotype 1) arthothelin, thiophanic acid and thuringione; chemotype 2) arthothelin and thiophanic acid only (the most frequent chemotypes); chemotype 3) without lichen substances or with traces of unidentified compounds (very rare).
Note: a mainly tropical species described from the Canary Ieslands, found on bark (more rarely on lignum) of old trees in humid sites with plenty of diffuse light; very rare in the temperate zone, with a few scattered stations in western Europe; to be looked for in Italy, especially in the ancient, old, open oak woodlands of the Tyrrhenian ecoregion.
Growth form: Crustose
Substrata: bark and lignum
Photobiont: green algae other than Trentepohlia
Reproductive strategy: mainly sexual

pH of the substrata:

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Poleotolerance:

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Altitudinal distribution:

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Predictive model

Felix Schumm- CC BY-SA 4.0
[17244], Brasilien, São Paulo, Morro Grande bei Cotia, etwa 25 km westlich von São Paulo, in einem Regenwald. 850 m. Leg. K. Kalb, 27.09.1980, det. L. Tibell 1987. EX HERBARIO KLAUS KALB (S.NR.)


Felix Schumm- CC BY-SA 4.0
[17238], Brasilien, São Paulo, Serra do Mar, Serra de Paranapiacaba, 60 km südwestlich von São Paulo, oberhalb von Juquitiba, in einem hellen, feuchten Urwald am Rio Juquitá. 660-800 m. Leg. K. Kalb & G. Plöbst 13-14.05.1978, det. L. Tibell, 1987. EX HERBARIO KLAUS KALB (S.NR.)



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[20550], Venezuela, Los Andes, Estado Tachira, Betania, parte alta del valle de Tamá, zona de bosques primitivos, 2300-2400 m. lignicola. Leg. M. Lopez-Figueiras (26228), 2.8.1981, det. L. Tibell



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[ABL42746], Brazil, Alagoas, Quebrangulo, Pedra Talhada private area. In Atlantic rain forest on wooden pale. 9°15’ S, 36°25’35’’ W, 500-700 m. Leg. M. Cáceres & A. Aptroot (no 42746), 21-23.10.2017. Det. A. Aptroot, 2017.



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[ABL42746], Brazil, Alagoas, Quebrangulo, Pedra Talhada private area. In Atlantic rain forest on wooden pale. 9°15’ S, 36°25’35’’ W, 500-700 m. Leg. M. Cáceres & A. Aptroot (no 42746), 21-23.10.2017. Det. A. Aptroot, 2017.



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[OH653], Japan, Honshu. Shinano Prov. (Nagano Pref.): Mt. Kai- Komagatake, Kami-Ina-gun. On weathered wood, 2600m. Leg. S. Kurokawa (no. 79082), 30.07.1979, det. Y. Ohmura. EX Y. OHMURA: LICHENES MINUS COGNITI EXSICCATI NO 653.



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[OH653], Japan, Honshu. Shinano Prov. (Nagano Pref.): Mt. Kai- Komagatake, Kami-Ina-gun. On weathered wood, 2600m. Leg. S. Kurokawa (no. 79082), 30.07.1979, det. Y. Ohmura. EX Y. OHMURA: LICHENES MINUS COGNITI EXSICCATI NO 653.



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[15078], La Reunion, an der Straße von La Petite France zum Piton Maido bei Caverne du Maido; 21,06201°S, 55,37890°E, 1950 m. Leg. F. Schumm & J.-P. Frahm, 07.09.2009, det. K.Kalb, 2013.



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[15562], La Reunion, Route Forestier no 9 des Tamarins zwischen Maido und le Tévelave; 21,05988°S, 55,36618°E, 1600-1700 m. Leg. F. Schumm & J.-P. Frahm, 15.09.2009, det. K. Kalb, 2013.



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[15562], La Reunion, Route Forestier no 9 des Tamarins zwischen Maido und le Tévelave; 21,05988°S, 55,36618°E, 1600-1700 m. Leg. F. Schumm & J.-P. Frahm, 15.09.2009, det. K. Kalb, 2013.



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[15562], La Reunion, Route Forestier no 9 des Tamarins zwischen Maido und le Tévelave; 21,05988°S, 55,36618°E, 1600-1700 m. Leg. F. Schumm & J.-P. Frahm, 15.09.2009, det. K. Kalb, 2013.



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[OH653], Japan, Honshu. Shinano Prov. (Nagano Pref.): Mt. Kai- Komagatake, Kami-Ina-gun. On weathered wood, 2600m. Leg. S. Kurokawa (no. 79082), 30.07.1979, det. Y. Ohmura. EX Y. OHMURA: LICHENES MINUS COGNITI EXSICCATI NO 653.



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[OH653], Japan, Honshu. Shinano Prov. (Nagano Pref.): Mt. Kai- Komagatake, Kami-Ina-gun. On weathered wood, 2600m. Leg. S. Kurokawa (no. 79082), 30.07.1979, det. Y. Ohmura. EX Y. OHMURA: LICHENES MINUS COGNITI EXSICCATI NO 653.



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[OH653], Japan, Honshu. Shinano Prov. (Nagano Pref.): Mt. Kai- Komagatake, Kami-Ina-gun. On weathered wood, 2600m. Leg. S. Kurokawa (no. 79082), 30.07.1979, det. Y. Ohmura. EX Y. OHMURA: LICHENES MINUS COGNITI EXSICCATI NO 653.



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[OH653], Japan, Honshu. Shinano Prov. (Nagano Pref.): Mt. Kai- Komagatake, Kami-Ina-gun. On weathered wood, 2600m. Leg. S. Kurokawa (no. 79082), 30.07.1979, det. Y. Ohmura. EX Y. OHMURA: LICHENES MINUS COGNITI EXSICCATI NO 653.