Chaenotheca chrysocephala (Ach.) Th. Fr.

Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsal., ser. 3, 3: 250, 1860. Basionym: Calicium chrysocephalum Turner ex Ach. - Meth. Lich. Suppl.: 15, 1803.
Synonyms: Calicium chrysocephalum var. filare Ach.; Chaenotheca chrysocephala var. filaris (Ach.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.; Cyphelium chrysocephalum (Ach.) De Not.; Phacotium chrysocephalum (Ach.) Trevis.
Distribution: N - Frl (Puntillo & Puntillo 2009), Ven (Nascimbene & Caniglia 1997, 2002c, 2003c, Caniglia & al. 1999, Nascimbene 2005c, 2008, 2011, Nascimbene & al. 2006e, 2013b, Nascimbene & Marini 2007, Puntillo & Puntillo 2009), TAA (Caniglia & al. 2002, Nascimbene & Caniglia 2002c, Nascimbene 2005b, 2006b, 2006c, 2008b, 2013, 2014, 2014c, Nascimbene & al. 2005, 2006, 2006c, 2007b, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2022. Stofer 2006, Thor & Nascimbene 2007, Puntillo & Puntillo 2009, Nascimbene & Marini 2015, Nimis & al. 2015, Trindade & al. 2021), Lomb (Dalle Vedove & al. 2004, Stofer 2006, Abramini & al. 2008, Puntillo & Puntillo 2009), Piem (Isocrono & al. 2004, Puntillo & Puntillo 2009), VA (Piervittori & Isocrono 1999, Matteucci & al. 2008, 2008c, Isocrono & al. 2008, Puntillo & Puntillo 2009), Emil (Brunialti & al. 2001), Lig (TSB 33638). C - Tosc (Benesperi & al. 2007, Puntillo & Puntillo 2009), Umb (Puntillo & Puntillo 2009), Laz (Puntillo & Puntillo 2009), Abr (Stofer 2006), Sar (Puntillo & Puntillo 2009). S - Camp (Puntillo & Puntillo 2009), Bas (Potenza 2006, Potenza & Fascetti 2012), Cal (Puntillo 1994, 1996, Puntillo & Puntillo 2009).
Description: Thallus crustose, episubstratic, bright yellow, of rounded, coarse, ecorticate granules or warts forming a more or less continuous crust, very rarely endosubstratic and poorly evident. Outermost part of granules densely inspersed with minute, yellow crystals. Apothecia frequent, developing from the lower side of granules, stalked and pin-like, 0.6-1.4 mm tall. Stalk 0.04-0.09 mm thick, black to pale brown, with a bright yellow pruina at least in the upper part. Capitulum obovoid to obconical, 0.15-0.3 mm wide; exciple well developed, with a dense yellowish green pruina on the lower side, the inner hyphae periclinally arranged, the outer ones turned outwards and almost anticlinally arranged; hypothecium broadly obconical, with a flat to slightly concave upper surface. Asci cylindrical, with a 5-9 µm long, narrow stalk, arising singly from ascogenous hyphae with hooks, degenerating early, 14-19 x 2-3.5 µm, with uniseriately arranged spores. Ascospores 1-celled, brown, short-ellipsoid to globose, (6-)7-9 x 4-5 µm, with a coarse ornamentation of irregular cracks. Conidiomata hyphomycetous. Conidia 1-celled, 2-3 x c. 1 µm. Photobiont trebouxioid, with isodiametrical cells. Spot tests: thallus K-, C-, KC-, P-. Chemistry: apothecial pruina and thallus with vulpinic acid.
Note: a boreal-montane, circumpolar species found on the acid bark of both broad-leaved trees and conifers, more rarely on hard lignum, with optimum on conifers near treeline. Widespread and locally not rare throughout Italy.
Growth form: Crustose
Substrata: bark and lignum
Photobiont: green algae other than Trentepohlia
Reproductive strategy: mainly sexual
In underhangs rarely wetted by rain

Commonnes-rarity: (info)

Alpine belt: absent
Subalpine belt: common
Oromediterranean belt: absent
Montane belt: rare
Submediterranean belt: absent
Padanian area: absent
Humid submediterranean belt: absent
Humid mediterranean belt: absent
Dry mediterranean belt: absent

pH of the substrata:

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Solar irradiation:

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Aridity:

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Eutrophication:

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Poleotolerance:

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Altitudinal distribution:

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Predictive model
Herbarium samples
Index Fungorum GBIF

Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Central Europe; Germany; Baden-Württemberg: Black Forest.



P.L.Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (36839)
2008.02.23



P.L.Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (36839)
2008.02.25



P.L.Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (33638)
2008.03.06



P.L.Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (33638)
2008.03.06


Leif Stridvall - Source: http://www.stridvall.se/la/galleries.php (Courtesy: Anita Stridvall)


Leif Stridvall - Source: http://www.stridvall.se/lichens/gallery/
Courtesy: Anita Stridvall


Leif Stridvall - Source: http://www.stridvall.se/lichens/gallery/
Courtesy: Anita Stridvall



Pier Luigi Nimis - CC BY-SA 4.0
TSB 37226


Zahlbruckner A. 1926. Lichenes (Flechten). In: Engler A. (ed.): Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. 2nd ed., vol 8, W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 270 pp.



P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (11525)
2001/12/05


Walter Obermayer CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: Lichens of Noricum - http://lichens-of-noricum.uni-graz.at/
Austria
Hafellner 66759


Walter Obermayer CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: Lichens of Noricum - http://lichens-of-noricum.uni-graz.at/
Austria
Hafellner 66759


Courtesy: Olivier et Danièle Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_C/Textes_C5/Chaenotheca_chrysocephala.htm
France, Chamonix - Haute-Savoie
23/8/2015


Courtesy: Olivier et Danièle Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_C/Textes_C5/Chaenotheca_chrysocephala.htm
France, Chamonix - Haute-Savoie
23/8/2015


Courtesy: Olivier et Danièle Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_C/Textes_C5/Chaenotheca_chrysocephala.htm
France, Chamonix - Haute-Savoie
23/8/2015


Courtesy: Olivier et Danièle Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_C/Textes_C5/Chaenotheca_chrysocephala.htm
France, Chamonix - Haute-Savoie
23/8/2015


Courtesy: Olivier et Danièle Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_C/Textes_C5/Chaenotheca_chrysocephala.htm
France, Chamonix - Haute-Savoie
23/8/2015


Courtesy: Olivier et Danièle Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_C/Textes_C5/Chaenotheca_chrysocephala.htm
France, Sur écorce d'Abies - Lans-en-Vercors - Isère
25/3/2018


Courtesy: Olivier et Danièle Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_C/Textes_C5/Chaenotheca_chrysocephala.htm
France, Sur écorce d'Abies - Lans-en-Vercors - Isère
25/3/2018



D. Puntillo CC BY-SA 4.0


Jacquesa Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=734&lang=en
France, Ardennes


Jacquesa Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=734&lang=en
France, Ardennes


Jacquesa Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=734&lang=en
France, Ardennes


Jacquesa Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=734&lang=en
France, Ardennes


Jacquesa Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=734&lang=en
France, Ardennes


Jacquesa Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=734&lang=en
France, Ardennes


Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Central Europe; Germany; Hesse: Taunus mountains (Wispertal).


Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Central Europe; Germany; Hesse: Taunus mountains (Wispertal).


Courtesy: Olivier et Danièle Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_C/Textes_C5/Chaenotheca_chrysocephala.htm
France, Sur écorce d'Abies - Lans-en-Vercors - Isère
25/3/2018


Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Central Europe; Germany; Hesse.


Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Central Europe; Germany; Hesse.