Pleurosticta acetabulum (Neck.) Elix & Lumbsch

in Lumbsch & Elix, Mycotaxon, 33: 453, 1988. Basionym: Lichen acetabulum Neck. - Delic. Gallo-Belg. Silv., 2: 506, 1768.
Synonyms: Imbricaria acetabulum (Neck.) DC.; Melanelia acetabulum (Neck.) Essl.; Parmelia acetabulum (Neck.) Duby; Parmelia corrugata (Sm.) Ach.; Pleurosticta lichenicola Petr.
Distribution: N - VG (Castello 1996), Frl (Badin & Nimis 1996, Castello & Skert 2005, Tretiach & Molaro 2007), Ven (Nimis & al. 1996c, Valcuvia & al. 2000c), TAA (Nimis & al. 2015, Nascimbene & al. 2022), Lomb (Zocchi & al. 1997, Arosio & al. 2000, 2003, Anderi & al. 2005, Furlanetto 2010, Gheza 2019, Gheza & al. 2023), Piem (Furlanetto 2010, Giordani & Malaspina 2016), Emil (Bassi 1995, Gasparo & Tretiach 1996, Nimis & al. 1996, Sallese 2003, Morselli & Regazzi 2006, Benesperi 2009, Gerdol & al. 2014, Brackel 2015, Fariselli & al. 2020), Lig (Brunialti & al. 1999, Brunialti & Giordani 2000, 2003, Giordani & al. 2002, 2003b, Giordani & Incerti 2008). C - Tosc (Tretiach & Nimis 1994, Loppi & Putortì 1995b, Loppi 1996, Loppi & De Dominicis 1996, Loppi & al. 1996b, 1996c, 1997, 1997b, 1998, 1999a, 2002, 2002b, 2002c, 2003, 2006, Monaci & al. 1997, Loppi & Nascimbene 1998, 2010, Putortì & al. 1998, Putortì & Loppi 1999b, Del Guasta 2001, Paoli & Loppi 2001, 2008, Loppi & Frati 2004, Benesperi & al. 2007, Benesperi & Lastrucci 2007, Lastrucci & al. 2009, Brunialti & Frati 2010, Benesperi 2011, Brunialti & al. 2012b, Brackel 2015, Nascimbene & al. 2015, Frati & Brunialti 2023), Marc (Gasparo & al. 1989, Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Frati & Brunialti 2006, Brackel 2015), Umb (Ravera 1998, 1999, Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Ravera & al. 2006, Panfili 2007, Ciotti & al. 2009, Brackel 2015), Abr (Recchia & al. 1993, Olivieri & Pacioni 1996, Olivieri & al. 1997, 1997b, Loppi & al. 1999, Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Stofer 2006, Brackel 2015, Caporale & al. 2016, Corona & al. 2016, Gheza & al. 2021), Mol (Garofalo & al. 1999, Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Caporale & al. 2008, Ravera & al. 2010, Genovesi & Ravera 2014, Brackel 2015, 2020, Paoli & al. 2015), Laz (Ravera & al. 2003, Massari & Ravera 2002, Nimis & Tretiach 2004, Ruisi & al. 2005, Munzi & al. 2007, Zucconi & al. 2013, Brackel 2015, Caporale & Ravera 2020), Sar (Zedda 1995, 2002, 2002b, Nöske 2000, Loi & al. 2000, Zedda & al. 2001, Rizzi & al. 2011, Giordani & al. 2013, Cossu 2013, Neuwirth 2018, Brackel & Berger 2019, Di Nuzzo & al. 2022). S - Camp (Garofalo & al. 1999, 2010, Ricciardi & al. 2000, Aprile & al. 2002, 2003, 2003b, 2011, Nimis & Tretiach 2004, Nascimbene & al. 2010b, Brunialti & al. 2013, Ravera & Brunialti 2013, Catalano & al. 2016), Pugl (Garofalo & al. 1999, Nimis & Tretiach 1999), Bas (Bartoli & Puntillo 1998, Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Potenza 2006, Potenza & al. 2010, Brackel 2011, Brackel & Puntillo 2016, Hafellner 2021), Cal (Puntillo 1995, 1996, Puntillo & Puntillo 2004), Si (Czeczuga & al. 1994, Ottonello & al. 1994, Grillo & Cristaudo 1995, Nimis & al. 1996b, Ottonello 1996, Schicchi & al. 1997, Grillo 1998, Grasso & al. 1999, Grillo & Caniglia 2004, 2006, Merlo 2004b, Falco Scampatelli 2005, Stofer 2006, Brackel 2008b, 2008c, Liistro & Cataldo 2011, Campisi & al. 2020).
Description: Thallus foliose, heteromerous, dorsiventral, broad-lobed, forming very large, 10-20(-30) cm wide rosettes. Lobes (0.5-)1-1.5(-2.5) cm wide, with rounded and ascending, wavy margins, matt to slightly shiny in marginal parts, olive-brown to dark bluish green, often warted in thallus center and white-pruinose at lobe tips, with numerous black dots (pycnidia) especially along the margins. Lower surface black-brown in central parts, pale brown at margins, with simple rhizines. Upper cortex paraplectenchymatous, with a pored epicortex, the cell walls containing isolichenan, N+ violet; medulla white; lower cortex paraplectenchymatous. Apothecia common, lecanorine, urceolate, 0.5-2 cm across, sessile to shortly stalked, with a concave to flat, brown disc and a wavy, strongly rugose thalline margin. Epithecium brown; hymenium and hypothecium colourless. Asci 8-spored, clavate, the K/I+ blue tholus penetrated by a faintly amyloid apical cushion with parallel or diverging flanks, the wall K/I-, surrounded by a K/I+ blue outer layer, Lecanora-type. Ascospores 1-celled, hyaline, ellipsoid, (10-)12-17 x 7-10 µm. Pycnidia common and often very abundant, laminal, immersed, appearing as black dots, globose in section, the wall colourless except around ostiole. Conidia colourless, bacilliform, 5-8 x c. 1 μm. Photobiont chlorococcoid. Spot tests: upper cortex: K- or K+ faintly yellow, C-, KC-, P-, N+ violet; medulla: K+ yellow turning red (needle-like crystals), C-, KC-, P+ orange, UV-. Chemistry: medulla with norstictic and connorstictic acids.
Note: a mainly epiphytic species, very abundant in central- to south Italian beech and oak forests, rarer in Mediterranean and Tyrrhenian Italy and in the North, and almost extinct in the Po-Plain; also occurring, with strongly pruinose forms, on calciferous rocks in the high Mediterranean mountains (e.g. in the Madonie Mnts. of Sicily), exceptionally reaching the subalpine belt in the Alps.
Growth form: Foliose, broad lobed
Substrata: bark
Photobiont: green algae other than Trentepohlia
Reproductive strategy: mainly sexual

Commonnes-rarity: (info)

Alpine belt: absent
Subalpine belt: extremely rare
Oromediterranean belt: extremely rare
Montane belt: very common
Submediterranean belt: rather common
Padanian area: extremely rare
Humid submediterranean belt: rather rare
Humid mediterranean belt: very rare
Dry mediterranean belt: absent

pH of the substrata:

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Solar irradiation:

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Aridity:

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Eutrophication:

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Poleotolerance:

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Altitudinal distribution:

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Predictive model
Herbarium samples
Index Fungorum GBIF

Leif Stridvall - Source: http://www.stridvall.se/la/galleries.php



Andrea Moro; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Slovenia, Lipica/Lipizza; altitude: 2
2008.02.21



Andrea Moro; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Slovenia, Lipica/Lipizza; altitude: 2
2008.02.21



Andrea Moro; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Slovenia, Lipica/Lipizza; altitude: 2
2008.02.21



Juri Nascimbene; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Italy, Trentino-Alto Adige, Trento, Villa Welsperg, Centro Visitatori del Parco di Paneveggio; altitude: 1030 m
03.04.2009



Juri Nascimbene; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Italy, Trentino-Alto Adige, Trento, Villa Welsperg, Centro Visitatori del Parco di Paneveggio; altitude: 1030 m
03.04.2009



Juri Nascimbene; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Italy, Trentino-Alto Adige, Trento, Villa Welsperg, Centro Visitatori del Parco di Paneveggio; altitude: 1030 m
03.04.2009



Juri Nascimbene; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Italy, Trentino-Alto Adige, Trento, Villa Welsperg, Centro Visitatori del Parco di Paneveggio; altitude: 1030 m
03.04.2009



Juri Nascimbene; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Italy, Trentino-Alto Adige, Trento, Villa Welsperg, Centro Visitatori del Parco di Paneveggio; altitude: 1030 m
03.04.2009


Costanza Sartori; Owner: Costanza Sartori
Italy, Veneto, Padova, Colli Euganei.
Herbarium: Forum Natura Mediterraneo
2010



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[987], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Schwäbische Alb, Kreis Heidenheim, Steinheim, an Straßenbaum (Acer), ca. 600 m, TK: 7326. Leg. et det. F. Schumm, 10.10.1970.



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[987], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Schwäbische Alb, Kreis Heidenheim, Steinheim, an Straßenbaum (Acer), ca. 600 m, TK: 7326. Leg. et det. F. Schumm, 10.10.1970.



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[987], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Schwäbische Alb, Kreis Heidenheim, Steinheim, an Straßenbaum (Acer), ca. 600 m, TK: 7326. Leg. et det. F. Schumm, 10.10.1970.


Paolo Modenesi- CC BY-SA 4.0
Italy, Liguria, Rocca d'Aveto


Paolo Modenesi- CC BY-SA 4.0
Italy, Liguria, Rocca d'Aveto


Paolo Modenesi- CC BY-SA 4.0
Italy, Liguria, Rocca d'Aveto
Polarized light microscopy


Paolo Modenesi- CC BY-SA 4.0
Italy, Liguria, Rocca d'Aveto
SEM



G. Incerti CC BY-SA 04
TSB 30923



G. Incerti CC BY-SA 04
TSB 30923


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_P/Pleurosticta_acetabulum.htm
France, sur écorce de frêne - session AFL 2008 Hérault


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=468&lang=en
France, Guilvinec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=468&lang=en
France, Guilvinec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=468&lang=en
France, Guilvinec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=468&lang=en
France, Provence, Cabrière d'Aigues


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=468&lang=en
France, Provence, Cabrière d'Aigues


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=468&lang=en
France, Drôme Provençale


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=468&lang=en
France, Drôme Provençale


Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Central Europe; Germany: Hesse.