Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Ach.

K. Vetensk.-Akad. Nya Handl., 29: 131, 1808. Basionym: Opegrapha radiata Pers. - Ann. Bot. (Usteri), 1: 29, 1794.
Synonyms: Arthonia astroidea Ach.; Arthonia astroidea f. minor Mereschk.; Arthonia astroidea f. robusta Mereschk.; Arthonia astroidea var. cinerascens (Ach.) Trevis.; Arthonia astroidea var. parallela (Harm.) B. de Lesd.; Arthonia astroidea var. subparallela Müll. Arg.; Arthonia astroidea var. swartziana (Ach.) Sacc.; Arthonia astroidea var. tynnocarpa Ach.; Arthonia betulicola sensu Anzi non A. Massal.; Arthonia montellica A. Massal.; Arthonia opegraphina Leight.; Arthonia sorbina Körb.; Arthonia swartziana Ach.; Arthonia vulgaris Schaer.; Arthonia vulgaris var. astroites (Ach.) A. Massal.; Coniangium vulgare Fr.; Lichen astroites Ach.; Opegrapha astroidea var. radiata (Pers.) Ach.; Opegrapha atra var. macularis auct. hisp.
Distribution: N - VG (Castello 1996, Castello & Skert 2005), Frl (Badin & Nimis 1996, Brackel 2013), Ven (Nimis & al. 1996c, Lazzarin 1997, 2000, Sundin & Tehler 1998, Caniglia & al. 1999, Valcuvia & al. 2000c, Nascimbene 2005c, 2008, 2008c, Nascimbene & al. 2007, 2013b, 2015, Nascimbene & Marini 2010, Watson 2014), TAA (Hinteregger 1994, Nascimbene 2005b, 2008b, 2014, Nascimbene & al. 2007b, 2014, 2022, Zarabska & al. 2009, Nimis & al. 2015), Lomb (Grieco & Groppali 1995, Valcuvia & Gianatti 1995, Brusoni & al. 1997, Zocchi & al. 1997, Brusoni & Valcuvia 2000, Arosio & al. 2000, 2003, Stofer 2006, Valcuvia & Truzzi 2007b, Gheza & al. 2022, 2023), Piem (Arosio & al. 1998, Isocrono & al. 2003, 2005b, Piervittori 2003, Castino 2004, Morisi 2005, Matteucci & al. 2010), VA (Piervittori & Isocrono 1999, Isocrono & Ongaro 2021, Ongaro & al. 2022), Emil (Bassi 1995, Nimis & al. 1996, Tretiach & al. 2008, Cioffi 2009, Benesperi 2019, Fariselli & al. 2020), Lig (Giordani & al. 2002, Brunialti & Giordani 2003, Giordani 2006, Giordani & Incerti 2008). C - Tosc (Tretiach & Nimis 1994, Loppi & Putortì 1995, Loppi & al. 1995, 1999a, 2002, 2002b, 2004c, 2006, Monaci & al. 1997, Senese & Critelli 2000, Lorenzini & al. 2003, Loppi & Frati 2006, Benesperi 2006, 2011, Stofer 2006, Benesperi & al. 2007, Paoli & Loppi 2008, Tretiach & al. 2008, Lastrucci & al. 2009, Brunialti & Frati 2010, Nascimbene & al. 2012, Brackel 2015), Marc (Gasparo & al. 1989, Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Frati & Brunialti 2006, Brackel 2015), Umb (Ravera 1998, Panfili 2000b, 2007, Ravera & al. 2006, Brunialti & al. 2012b, Brackel 2015), Laz (Bartoli & al. 1997, Ravera 2002, 2006c, Massari & Ravera 2002, Nimis & Tretiach 2004, Ruisi & al. 2005, Stofer 2006, Munzi & al. 2007, Ravera & Genovesi 2008, Brackel 2015), Abr (Recchia & al. 1993, Olivieri & al. 1997, 1997b, Loppi & al. 1999, Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Stofer 2006, Caporale & al. 2016, Corona & al. 2016, Gheza & al. 2021), Mol (Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Caporale & al. 2008, Ravera & al. 2010, Paoli & al. 2015, Brackel 2020, Caporale & Ravera 2020), Sar (Sundin 1999, Zedda 2002, Rizzi & al. 2011, Cossu 2013, Di Nuzzo & al. 2022). S - Camp (Aprile & al. 2002, 2003b, Nimis & Tretiach 2004, Garofalo & al. 2010, Brunialti & al. 2010, 2013, Ravera & Brunialti 2013, Catalano & al. 2016), Pugl (Nimis & Tretiach 1999), Bas (Bartoli & Puntillo 1998, Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Potenza 2006, Potenza & al. 2010), Cal (Puntillo 1995, 1996, Puntillo & Puntillo 2004), Si (Ottonello & al. 1994, Grillo & Cristaudo 1995, Grillo 1998, Grillo & al. 2002, Grillo & Caniglia 2004, 2006, Caniglia & Grillo 2006b, Campisi & al. 2020).
Description: Thallus crustose, lichenized, mostly endosubstratic or rarely thinly episubstratic, smooth, white to pale grey, sometimes with a brownish or olive tinge, rather thin, forming 1-3 cm wide, sometimes confluent and mosaic-forming patches delimited or not by a thin, brown prothalline line. Apothecia arthonioid, more or less immersed in the thallus, flat or slightly erumpent, very variable in shape, round or stellate-lobate (1-2 mm across) to sublinear and sparingly branched (to 1.4 x 0.1-0.2 mm), 70-100 µm tall, black, epruinose, without a distinct proper margin. Epithecium brown or olive-brown, K+ pale green; hymenium colourless, 30-55 µm high, I+ blue, K/I+ blue; paraphysoids 1-2 µm thick, the apical cells to 3 µm wide, often with dark caps; hypothecium colourless to pale olive brown, 10-30 µm high, K+ pale green. Asci 8-spored, broadly clavate, semi-fissitunicate, with a large apical dome and a distinct ocular chamber, Arthonia-type. Ascospores 3(-4)-septate, hyaline, oblong-ovoid to oblong, (12-)15-20 x 4-6 µm, the apical cell not enlarged and sometimes narrowed. Pycnidia immersed, black, the wall brown, K+ pale green. Conidia bacilliform, 4-5 x c. 1 µm. Photobiont trentepohlioid. Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-. Chemistry: without lichen substances.
Note: a mainly temperate, incompletely holarctic lichen, the only Arthonia found in non-natural habitats such as in settlements, parks, etc., even in moderately polluted situations, exceptionally reaching the subalpine belt.
Growth form: Crustose
Substrata: bark
Photobiont: Trentepohlia
Reproductive strategy: mainly sexual

Commonnes-rarity: (info)

Alpine belt: absent
Subalpine belt: very rare
Oromediterranean belt: absent
Montane belt: rather common
Submediterranean belt: rather common
Padanian area: very rare
Humid submediterranean belt: common
Humid mediterranean belt: rather rare
Dry mediterranean belt: very rare

pH of the substrata:

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Solar irradiation:

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Aridity:

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Eutrophication:

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Poleotolerance:

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Altitudinal distribution:

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Predictive model
Herbarium samples


Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
Image from: F. Schumm (2008) - Flechten Madeiras, der Kanaren und Azoren. Beck, OHG - ISBN: 978-3-00-023700-3



P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (34832)
2002/02/13



P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (7163)
2001/11/21



G. Incerti; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (22185)
2001/11/26


Andres Saag; Owner: University of Tartu



P.L.Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (36978)
2008.02.25



P.L.Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (36978)
2008.02.25



Domenico Puntillo; Owner: Domenico Puntillo
Italy



Domenico Puntillo; Owner: Domenico Puntillo
Italy


Harry Taylor; Owner: Natural History Museum London



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
16485], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Göppingen, auf Carbinus südlich des Krettenhofes, 400 m.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
16485], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Göppingen, auf Carbinus südlich des Krettenhofes, 400 m.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
16485], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Göppingen, auf Carbinus südlich des Krettenhofes, 400 m.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[16491], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Göppingen, südlich Gammelshausen beim Kornberg, 690 m, an Carpinus.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[11225], Portugal, Azoren, Sao Miguel, an Straßenbäumen zwischen Mosteiros und Bretanha, 37°52.912' N, 25°48.512' W, 260 m. Leg. F. Schumm 06.06.2003, det. F. Schumm 11.2003



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[11225], Portugal, Azoren, Sao Miguel, an Straßenbäumen zwischen Mosteiros und Bretanha, 37°52.912' N, 25°48.512' W, 260 m. Leg. F. Schumm 06.06.2003, det. F. Schumm 11.2003



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[11225], Portugal, Azoren, Sao Miguel, an Straßenbäumen zwischen Mosteiros und Bretanha, 37°52.912' N, 25°48.512' W, 260 m. Leg. F. Schumm 06.06.2003, det. F. Schumm 11.2003



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[12025], GERMANY: Baden-Württemberg, Schwäbische Alb, Kreis Göppingen,Rand des Kuhbergs (Kaltes Feld) nordwestlich von Lauterstein- Nenningen, auf Buchen im Laubwald; 48°43.516' N, 9°51.129' E, 740 m, TK 7225. Leg. F. Schumm 16.04.2005, det. F. Schumm 16.04.2005.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[12025], GERMANY: Baden-Württemberg, Schwäbische Alb, Kreis Göppingen,Rand des Kuhbergs (Kaltes Feld) nordwestlich von Lauterstein- Nenningen, auf Buchen im Laubwald; 48°43.516' N, 9°51.129' E, 740 m, TK 7225. Leg. F. Schumm 16.04.2005, det. F. Schumm 16.04.2005.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[12025], GERMANY: Baden-Württemberg, Schwäbische Alb, Kreis Göppingen,Rand des Kuhbergs (Kaltes Feld) nordwestlich von Lauterstein- Nenningen, auf Buchen im Laubwald; 48°43.516' N, 9°51.129' E, 740 m, TK 7225. Leg. F. Schumm 16.04.2005, det. F. Schumm 16.04.2005.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[13217], GERMANY, Baden-Württemberg, Schwäbische Alb, Kreis Göppingen,zwischen Türkheim und Oppingen beim Wanderparkplatz Hauen,48°34.237' N, 9°48.270' E, 687 m, auf Carpinus. Leg. F. Schumm 16.05.2007, det. F. Schumm 17.05.20



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[13217], GERMANY, Baden-Württemberg, Schwäbische Alb, Kreis Göppingen,zwischen Türkheim und Oppingen beim Wanderparkplatz Hauen,48°34.237' N, 9°48.270' E, 687 m, auf Carpinus. Leg. F. Schumm 16.05.2007, det. F. Schumm 17.05.20



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[13217], GERMANY, Baden-Württemberg, Schwäbische Alb, Kreis Göppingen,zwischen Türkheim und Oppingen beim Wanderparkplatz Hauen,48°34.237' N, 9°48.270' E, 687 m, auf Carpinus. Leg. F. Schumm 16.05.2007, det. F. Schumm 17.05.20



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[13217], GERMANY, Baden-Württemberg, Schwäbische Alb, Kreis Göppingen,zwischen Türkheim und Oppingen beim Wanderparkplatz Hauen,48°34.237' N, 9°48.270' E, 687 m, auf Carpinus. Leg. F. Schumm 16.05.2007, det. F. Schumm 17.05.20



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[17981], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Göppingen, zwischen Nassach und Oberberken, Waldweg zwischen Stärrerberg und Gaibhalden, 48.75491° N, 9.54289° E, 377 m, an Esche. Leg. Schumm 03.04.2012, det. Schumm 2012.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[17981], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Göppingen, zwischen Nassach und Oberberken, Waldweg zwischen Stärrerberg und Gaibhalden, 48.75491° N, 9.54289° E, 377 m, an Esche. Leg. Schumm 03.04.2012, det. Schumm 2012.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[17981], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Göppingen, zwischen Nassach und Oberberken, Waldweg zwischen Stärrerberg und Gaibhalden, 48.75491° N, 9.54289° E, 377 m, an Esche. Leg. Schumm 03.04.2012, det. Schumm 2012.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[17981], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Göppingen, zwischen Nassach und Oberberken, Waldweg zwischen Stärrerberg und Gaibhalden, 48.75491° N, 9.54289° E, 377 m, an Esche. Leg. Schumm 03.04.2012, det. Schumm 2012.



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[19645], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Göppingem, Bartenbach- Krettenhof, an Carpinus, 48.73989° N, 9.67291° E, 400 m. Leg. et det. F. Schumm 24.04.2017



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[19645], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Göppingem, Bartenbach- Krettenhof, an Carpinus, 48.73989° N, 9.67291° E, 400 m. Leg. et det. F. Schumm 24.04.2017



Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
[19645], Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Kreis Göppingem, Bartenbach- Krettenhof, an Carpinus, 48.73989° N, 9.67291° E, 400 m. Leg. et det. F. Schumm 24.04.2017


Photo by Maria Zardini, Museo di Storia Naturale di Venezia CC BY-SA 4.0
Trevisan Lichenotheca Veneta 135 sub Arthonia astroidea Ach. α. vulgaris


Photo by Maria Zardini, Museo di Storia Naturale di Venezia CC BY-SA 4.0
Trevisan Lichenotheca Veneta 135 sub Arthonia astroidea Ach. α. vulgaris


Redinger, K. (1938) Arthoniaceae, Graphidaceae . In Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Band 9, 2 Abt., Part 1 (G. L. Rabenhorst, ed.): 181–404. Leipzig: Borntraeger


Zahlbruckner A. 1926. Lichenes (Flechten). In: Engler A. (ed.): Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. 2nd ed., vol 8, W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 270 pp.


Walter Obermayer CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: Lichens of Noricum - http://lichens-of-noricum.uni-graz.at/


Walter Obermayer CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: Lichens of Noricum - http://lichens-of-noricum.uni-graz.at/


Walter Obermayer CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: Lichens of Noricum - http://lichens-of-noricum.uni-graz.at/


Walter Obermayer CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: Lichens of Noricum - http://lichens-of-noricum.uni-graz.at/


Walter Obermayer CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: Lichens of Noricum - http://lichens-of-noricum.uni-graz.at/


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_A/Arthonia_radiata.htm
France, Massif Central
24/11/2015


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_A/Arthonia_radiata.htm
France, Massif Central
24/11/2015


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=579&lang=en
France, Ardennes


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=579&lang=en
France, Ardennes


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=579&lang=en
France, Ardennes


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=579&lang=en
France, Ardennes


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=579&lang=en
France, Ardennes


Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Central Europe; Germany: Hesse.


Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Central Europe; Germany: Hesse.


Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Corticolous; on young branches of Fagus sylvatica.Central Europe; Germany; Baden-Württ.: Black forest(Coll. M. Henze).


Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Corticolous; on young branches of Fagus sylvatica.Central Europe; Germany; Baden-Württ.: Black forest(Coll. M. Henze).