Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M. Choisy
Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 21: 175, 1952. Basionym: Parmelia reticulata Taylor in Mackay - Fl. Hibern., 2: 148, 1836.
Synonyms: Parmelia amphigymnoides Gyeln.; Parmelia cetrata auct. p.p. non Ach.; Parmelia concors Kremp.; Parmelia decorata (Hue) C.W. Dodge; Parmelia diffusoides Gyeln.; Parmelia odontata var. rubiginosa Sambo; Parmelia ornata (Hue) C.W. Dodge; Rimelia reticulata (Taylor) Hale & A. Flechter
Distribution: N - VG, Frl (Brackel 2013), Lomb, Piem, Lig (Modenesi 1993, Caviglia & Modenesi 1999, Brunialti & Giordani 2000, 2003, Giordani & al. 2001, 2002, 2003b, Giordani 2006, Watson 2014, Lich. Ital. Exs. 47: Isocrono & al. 2020). C - Tosc (Loppi & al. 2004c, Loppi & Frati 2006, Brunialti & al. 2012b, Benesperi & al. 2013, Frati & Brunialti 2023), Laz (Gigante & Petriccione 1995, Ravera 2001, Massari & Ravera 2002, Ruisi & al. 2005, Zucconi & al. 2013, Brackel 2015), Abr (Caporale & al. 2016), Mol (Frati & al. 2004, Caporale & al. 2008, Paoli & al. 2015), Sar (Zedda 2002, 2002b, Loi & al. 2000, Rizzi & al. 2011, Neuwirth 2018, Brackel & Berger 2019, Di Nuzzo & al. 2022). S - Camp (Nimis & Tretiach 2004, Nascimbene & al. 2010b, Ravera & Brunialti 2013, Catalano & al. 2016), Pugl (Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Durini & Medagli 2004, Brackel 2011, Gianfreda & Matino 2020), Bas (Potenza 2006, Potenza & al. 2010), Cal (Puntillo 1995, 1996, Incerti & Nimis 2006, Stofer 2006), Si (Nimis & al. 1994, Ottonello & Romano 1997, Falco Scampatelli 2005, Caniglia & Grillo 2006b, Ottonello & Puntillo 2009).
Description: Thallus foliose, heteromerous, dorsiventral, broad-lobed, loosely attached, 4-20(-30) cm in diam., sorediate. Lobes elongate, slightly overlapping, 5-15 mm wide, crenate at margins, rounded and sometimes subascending at apices, the margins with black, simple, up to 3 mm long cilia, sometimes eciliate. Upper surface pale grey to grey-green, smooth, dull, strongly reticulately maculate, with mostly marginal, convex to subcapitate soralia which often arise on small lacinulate lobes (sometimes becoming diffuse in old specimens). Lower surface black, with a narrow, papillate and erhizinate zone at margin, centrally with mostly simple, black rhizines. Upper cortex of tightly packed, anticlinally oriented hyphae, with a pored epicortex, the cell walls with lichenan intermediate between the Cetraria- and the Xanthoparmelia-types; medulla white; algal layer continuous; lower cortex prosoplectenchymatous, with rounded and thick-walled cells. Apothecia extremely rare, lecanorine, submarginal, substipitate, up to 8 mm across, with a sometimes perforate, brown disc and a raised thalline margin. Epithecium brownish; hymenium and hypothecium colourless. Asci 8-spored, Lecanora-type. Ascospores 1-celled, hyaline, ellipsoid, 10-18 x 7.5-11 µm. Pycnidia rare, punctiform, black, immersed. Conidia filiform, (7.5-)12-16 x 1-1.5 µm. Photobiont clorococcoid. Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P- or P+ pale yellow; medulla K+ yellow turning orange-red, C-, KC+ red, P+ orange-red. Chemistry: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major) and consalazinic acid (minor). Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic to mild-temperate lichen found on bark, rarely on mossy siliceous rocks; declining, presently mostly Tyrrhenian and coastal, almost extinct in Northern Italy. Italian material needs revision: some records could refer to the morphologically very similar, but genetically different P. pseudoreticulatum (see Del Prado & al. 2016). The record from Veneto by Nascimbene (2008c) refers to P. perlatum (Nascimbene, in litt.).
Growth form: Foliose, broad lobed
Substrata: bark
Photobiont: green algae other than Trentepohlia
Reproductive strategy: mainly asexual, by soredia, or soredia-like structures (e.g. blastidia)
Most common in areas with a humid-warm climate (e.g. most of Tyrrenian Italy)
Commonnes-rarity: (info)
Alpine belt: absent
Subalpine belt: absent
Oromediterranean belt: absent
Montane belt: absent
Submediterranean belt: extremely rare
Padanian area: absent
Humid submediterranean belt: rather rare
Humid mediterranean belt: rather common
Dry mediterranean belt: absent
Predictive model
Herbarium samples
Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_P/Parmotrema_reticulatum.htm
France, 4/3/2013 - île de Cavallo - Corse
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[19126], New Zealand, South Island, Otago, rocky hillside, c. 27.5 km west-south-west of Ranfurly on Alexandra-Palmerston road, on rock outcrop with E aspect in paddock. Leg. J. Johnston (2123), 15.03.1985.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[19125], Norfolk Island, Bumboras Reserve, 29°03'30'' S, 167°56'30'' E, 25 m, on volcanic rocks in open Araucaria woodland. Leg. J.A. Elix (18833) & H. Streimann, 10.12.1984. LICH. AUSTRALASICI EXS. NO. 089.
A. Moro; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Sicilia, TP, Isola di Marettimo
2008.04.05
A. Moro; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Sicilia, TP, Isola di Marettimo
2008.04.05
A. Moro; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Sicilia, TP, Isola di Marettimo
2008.04.05
Harry Taylor; Owner: Natural History Museum London
Andrea Moro; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Island of Marettimo, Sicily
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[19125], Norfolk Island, Bumboras Reserve, 29°03'30'' S, 167°56'30'' E, 25 m, on volcanic rocks in open Araucaria woodland. Leg. J.A. Elix (18833) & H. Streimann, 10.12.1984. LICH. AUSTRALASICI EXS. NO. 089.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[19125], Norfolk Island, Bumboras Reserve, 29°03'30'' S, 167°56'30'' E, 25 m, on volcanic rocks in open Araucaria woodland. Leg. J.A. Elix (18833) & H. Streimann, 10.12.1984. LICH. AUSTRALASICI EXS. NO. 089.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[19125], Norfolk Island, Bumboras Reserve, 29°03'30'' S, 167°56'30'' E, 25 m, on volcanic rocks in open Araucaria woodland. Leg. J.A. Elix (18833) & H. Streimann, 10.12.1984. LICH. AUSTRALASICI EXS. NO. 089.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[19125], Norfolk Island, Bumboras Reserve, 29°03'30'' S, 167°56'30'' E, 25 m, on volcanic rocks in open Araucaria woodland. Leg. J.A. Elix (18833) & H. Streimann, 10.12.1984. LICH. AUSTRALASICI EXS. NO. 089.
P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (31967)
2001/12/05
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[19126], New Zealand, South Island, Otago, rocky hillside, c. 27.5 km west-south-west of Ranfurly on Alexandra-Palmerston road, on rock outcrop with E aspect in paddock. Leg. J. Johnston (2123), 15.03.1985.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[12830], Spanien, Kanaren, La Palma (NE), La Galga südlich von Sauces, auf dem Weg durch den Barranco de la Galga zum Mirador de la Somada Alte. Ca. 28°46’ N, 17°46’ W, 350m-780m, bei 490 m. Leg. F. Schumm 12.01.2007, det. Schumm 2007.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[12830], Spanien, Kanaren, La Palma (NE), La Galga südlich von Sauces, auf dem Weg durch den Barranco de la Galga zum Mirador de la Somada Alte. Ca. 28°46’ N, 17°46’ W, 350m-780m, bei 490 m. Leg. F. Schumm 12.01.2007, det. Schumm 2007.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[12830], Spanien, Kanaren, La Palma (NE), La Galga südlich von Sauces, auf dem Weg durch den Barranco de la Galga zum Mirador de la Somada Alte. Ca. 28°46’ N, 17°46’ W, 350m-780m, bei 490 m. Leg. F. Schumm 12.01.2007, det. Schumm 2007.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[12830], Spanien, Kanaren, La Palma (NE), La Galga südlich von Sauces, auf dem Weg durch den Barranco de la Galga zum Mirador de la Somada Alte. Ca. 28°46’ N, 17°46’ W, 350m-780m, bei 490 m. Leg. F. Schumm 12.01.2007, det. Schumm 2007.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[19126], New Zealand, South Island, Otago, rocky hillside, c. 27.5 km west-south-west of Ranfurly on Alexandra-Palmerston road, on rock outcrop with E aspect in paddock. Leg. J. Johnston (2123), 15.03.1985.
at: atranorin, sa: salazinic acid, p: protocetraric acid (trace)
Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_P/Parmotrema_reticulatum.htm
France, 4/3/2013 - île de Cavallo - Corse
Manuel Gil
Spain, Canary Islamds, Lanzarote
Manuel Gil
Spain, Canary Islamds, Lanzarote
Giulio Pandeli
Italy, Toscana, Livorno
04.2021
Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
Image from: F. Schumm (2008) - Flechten Madeiras, der Kanaren und Azoren. Beck, OHG - ISBN: 978-3-00-023700-3
Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_P/Parmotrema_reticulatum.htm
France, 4/3/2013 - île de Cavallo - Corse
P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (21650)
2002/02/20
pseudocyphellae
Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_P/Parmotrema_reticulatum.htm
France, 4/3/2013 - île de Cavallo - Corse
Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_P/Parmotrema_reticulatum.htm
France, 4/3/2013 - île de Cavallo - Corse
Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_P/Parmotrema_reticulatum.htm
France, 4/3/2013 - île de Cavallo - Corse
Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_P/Parmotrema_reticulatum.htm
France, 4/3/2013 - île de Cavallo - Corse
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Porz Kreguen
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Cap de la Chèvre
ALain Gerault - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Pointe de Pen-Hir
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Forêt du Cranou
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Pointe de Rostudel
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Pointe du Raz
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Pointe du Raz
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Telgruc sur mer
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Toulinguet
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Pointe du Guern
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Pointe du Guern
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Pointe du Guern
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Plogonnec
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Plogonnec
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Porz Kreguen
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Hôpital-Camfrout
Manuel Gil
Spain, Canary Islands, Tenerife
Manuel Gil
Spain, Canary Islands, Tenerife
Manuel Gil
Spain, Canary Islands, Tenerife
Manuel Gil
Spain, Canary Islands, Tenerife
Manuel Gil
Spain, Canary Islands, Tenerife
Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Portugal: Madeira.
Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Portugal: Madeira.
Growth form: Foliose, broad lobed
Substrata: bark
Photobiont: green algae other than Trentepohlia
Reproductive strategy: mainly asexual, by soredia, or soredia-like structures (e.g. blastidia)
Most common in areas with a humid-warm climate (e.g. most of Tyrrenian Italy)
Commonnes-rarity: (info)
Alpine belt: absent
Subalpine belt: absent
Oromediterranean belt: absent
Montane belt: absent
Submediterranean belt: extremely rare
Padanian area: absent
Humid submediterranean belt: rather rare
Humid mediterranean belt: rather common
Dry mediterranean belt: absent
Predictive model
| Herbarium samples |
Index Fungorum
GBIF
Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_P/Parmotrema_reticulatum.htm
France, 4/3/2013 - île de Cavallo - Corse
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[19126], New Zealand, South Island, Otago, rocky hillside, c. 27.5 km west-south-west of Ranfurly on Alexandra-Palmerston road, on rock outcrop with E aspect in paddock. Leg. J. Johnston (2123), 15.03.1985.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[19125], Norfolk Island, Bumboras Reserve, 29°03'30'' S, 167°56'30'' E, 25 m, on volcanic rocks in open Araucaria woodland. Leg. J.A. Elix (18833) & H. Streimann, 10.12.1984. LICH. AUSTRALASICI EXS. NO. 089.
A. Moro; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Sicilia, TP, Isola di Marettimo
2008.04.05
A. Moro; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Sicilia, TP, Isola di Marettimo
2008.04.05
A. Moro; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Sicilia, TP, Isola di Marettimo
2008.04.05
Harry Taylor; Owner: Natural History Museum London
Andrea Moro; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Island of Marettimo, Sicily
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[19125], Norfolk Island, Bumboras Reserve, 29°03'30'' S, 167°56'30'' E, 25 m, on volcanic rocks in open Araucaria woodland. Leg. J.A. Elix (18833) & H. Streimann, 10.12.1984. LICH. AUSTRALASICI EXS. NO. 089.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[19125], Norfolk Island, Bumboras Reserve, 29°03'30'' S, 167°56'30'' E, 25 m, on volcanic rocks in open Araucaria woodland. Leg. J.A. Elix (18833) & H. Streimann, 10.12.1984. LICH. AUSTRALASICI EXS. NO. 089.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[19125], Norfolk Island, Bumboras Reserve, 29°03'30'' S, 167°56'30'' E, 25 m, on volcanic rocks in open Araucaria woodland. Leg. J.A. Elix (18833) & H. Streimann, 10.12.1984. LICH. AUSTRALASICI EXS. NO. 089.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[19125], Norfolk Island, Bumboras Reserve, 29°03'30'' S, 167°56'30'' E, 25 m, on volcanic rocks in open Araucaria woodland. Leg. J.A. Elix (18833) & H. Streimann, 10.12.1984. LICH. AUSTRALASICI EXS. NO. 089.
P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (31967)
2001/12/05
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[19126], New Zealand, South Island, Otago, rocky hillside, c. 27.5 km west-south-west of Ranfurly on Alexandra-Palmerston road, on rock outcrop with E aspect in paddock. Leg. J. Johnston (2123), 15.03.1985.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[12830], Spanien, Kanaren, La Palma (NE), La Galga südlich von Sauces, auf dem Weg durch den Barranco de la Galga zum Mirador de la Somada Alte. Ca. 28°46’ N, 17°46’ W, 350m-780m, bei 490 m. Leg. F. Schumm 12.01.2007, det. Schumm 2007.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[12830], Spanien, Kanaren, La Palma (NE), La Galga südlich von Sauces, auf dem Weg durch den Barranco de la Galga zum Mirador de la Somada Alte. Ca. 28°46’ N, 17°46’ W, 350m-780m, bei 490 m. Leg. F. Schumm 12.01.2007, det. Schumm 2007.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[12830], Spanien, Kanaren, La Palma (NE), La Galga südlich von Sauces, auf dem Weg durch den Barranco de la Galga zum Mirador de la Somada Alte. Ca. 28°46’ N, 17°46’ W, 350m-780m, bei 490 m. Leg. F. Schumm 12.01.2007, det. Schumm 2007.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[12830], Spanien, Kanaren, La Palma (NE), La Galga südlich von Sauces, auf dem Weg durch den Barranco de la Galga zum Mirador de la Somada Alte. Ca. 28°46’ N, 17°46’ W, 350m-780m, bei 490 m. Leg. F. Schumm 12.01.2007, det. Schumm 2007.
Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[19126], New Zealand, South Island, Otago, rocky hillside, c. 27.5 km west-south-west of Ranfurly on Alexandra-Palmerston road, on rock outcrop with E aspect in paddock. Leg. J. Johnston (2123), 15.03.1985.
at: atranorin, sa: salazinic acid, p: protocetraric acid (trace)
Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_P/Parmotrema_reticulatum.htm
France, 4/3/2013 - île de Cavallo - Corse
Manuel Gil
Spain, Canary Islamds, Lanzarote
Manuel Gil
Spain, Canary Islamds, Lanzarote
Giulio Pandeli
Italy, Toscana, Livorno
04.2021
Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
Image from: F. Schumm (2008) - Flechten Madeiras, der Kanaren und Azoren. Beck, OHG - ISBN: 978-3-00-023700-3
Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_P/Parmotrema_reticulatum.htm
France, 4/3/2013 - île de Cavallo - Corse
P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (21650)
2002/02/20
pseudocyphellae
Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_P/Parmotrema_reticulatum.htm
France, 4/3/2013 - île de Cavallo - Corse
Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_P/Parmotrema_reticulatum.htm
France, 4/3/2013 - île de Cavallo - Corse
Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_P/Parmotrema_reticulatum.htm
France, 4/3/2013 - île de Cavallo - Corse
Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_P/Parmotrema_reticulatum.htm
France, 4/3/2013 - île de Cavallo - Corse
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Porz Kreguen
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Cap de la Chèvre
ALain Gerault - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Pointe de Pen-Hir
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Forêt du Cranou
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Pointe de Rostudel
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Pointe du Raz
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Pointe du Raz
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Telgruc sur mer
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Toulinguet
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Pointe du Guern
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Pointe du Guern
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Pointe du Guern
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Plogonnec
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Plogonnec
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Porz Kreguen
Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=472&lang=en
France, Hôpital-Camfrout
Manuel Gil
Spain, Canary Islands, Tenerife
Manuel Gil
Spain, Canary Islands, Tenerife
Manuel Gil
Spain, Canary Islands, Tenerife
Manuel Gil
Spain, Canary Islands, Tenerife
Manuel Gil
Spain, Canary Islands, Tenerife
Ulrich Kirschbaum CC BY-SA 4.0 - Source: https://www.thm.de/lse/ulrich-kirschbaum/flechtenbilder
Portugal: Madeira.
