Solenopsora holophaea (Mont.) Samp.

Broteria, ser. bot., 19: 26, 1921. Basionym: Parmelia holophaea Mont. in Webb & Berthelot - Hist. des Iles Canaries, 3, 2, 4, 51: 113, 1840.
Synonyms: Lecania holophaea (Mont.) A.L. Sm.; Lecania requienii (A. Massal.) Zahlbr.; Lecanora holophaea (Mont.) Nyl.; Massalongia requienii (A. Massal.) Jatta; Pannaria holophaea (Mont.) B. de Lesd.; Solenopsora requienii A. Massal.; Thalloidima holophaeum (Mont.) Arnold
Distribution: N - Lig (Guttová & al. 2014, 2019, Watson 2014, Senko & al. 2024). C - Tosc (Guttová & al. 2019, Ravera & al. 2019a, Senko & al. 2024), Sar (Lazzarin 2000b, Kantvilas 2004, Guttová & al. 2014, 2019, Senko & al. 2024). S - Camp, Cal (Puntillo 1996), Si (Nimis & al. 1996b, Ottonello & al. 2011, Guttová & al. 2019, Senko & al. 2024).
Description: Thallus squamulose, olive-green to olive-brown, epruinose, rather glossy, the squamules 1-3(-4) mm wide, rounded, concave to flat, contiguous or imbricate, with entire to crenulate or flexuose, raised margins; lower surface somewhat paler, attached by sparse, mostly centrally located, grey-brown to dark brown rhizines. Upper cortex of anticlinally oriented, stongly gelatinized, thin-walled hyphae, overlain by a usually distinct epinecral layer; medulla white; lower cortex absent. Apothecia lecanorine, 0.5-1.5 mm across, sessile to shortly stipitate, with a dark brown to blackish, flat disc and a smooth, finally sometimes excluded thalline margin. Epithecium reddish brown; hymenium colourless or pale reddish brown, 50-60 µm high, I+ blue; paraphyses coherent, the apical cells swollen and brown-capped; hypothecium colourless or very pale brown, 130-140 µm high. Asci 8-spored, cylindrical-clavate, with a K/I+ blue outer coat and a K/I+ uniformly blue apical dome, approaching the Catillaria-type. Ascospores 1-septate, hyaline, ellipsoid-elongate to slightly fusiform, 11-18(-24) x (3-)4-6(-7) µm. Pycnidia globose, immersed, the wall dark brown in upper part, colourless in lower part. Conidia simple, hyaline, short-bacilliform. Photobiont chlorococcoid. Spot tests: cortex and medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-. Chemistry: terpenoids, unidentified substances.
Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic lichen found in sheltered crevices of basic siliceous rocks and on soil, especially along the coast; exclusively Tyrrhenian in Italy. Quite different from the other species of Solenopsora (but the synonym S. requienii is the type species of the genus!).
Growth form: Squamulose
Substrata: rocks
Photobiont: green algae other than Trentepohlia
Reproductive strategy: mainly sexual
Most common in areas with a humid-warm climate (e.g. most of Tyrrenian Italy)
Taxon bound to maritime-coastal situations

Commonnes-rarity: (info)

Alpine belt: absent
Subalpine belt: absent
Oromediterranean belt: absent
Montane belt: absent
Submediterranean belt: absent
Padanian area: absent
Humid submediterranean belt: absent
Humid mediterranean belt: rare
Dry mediterranean belt: absent

pH of the substrata:

12345

Solar irradiation:

12345

Aridity:

12345

Eutrophication:

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Poleotolerance:

0123

Altitudinal distribution:

123456


Predictive model
Herbarium samples


Felix Schumm – CC BY-SA 4.0
Image from: F. Schumm (2008) - Flechten Madeiras, der Kanaren und Azoren. Beck, OHG - ISBN: 978-3-00-023700-3



P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (4766)
2001/11/30



P.L. Nimis; Owner: Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste
Herbarium: TSB (4766)
2001/11/30


Nere Sorrentino
Spain, Galicia


Nere Sorrentino
Spain, Galicia


Nere Sorrentino
Spain, Galicia


Nere Sorrentino
Spain, Galicia


Nere Sorrentino
Spain, Galicia


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_S/Solenopsora_holophaea.htm
France, 24/10/2016 - en bordure de mer, Conca - Corse


Courtesy Danièle et Olivier Gonnet - Source: https://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_S/Solenopsora_holophaea.htm
France, 24/10/2016 - en bordure de mer, Conca - Corse


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Port Merrien


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Port Merrien


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Port Merrien


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Pointe de Dinan


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Pointe de Dinan


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Pointe de Dinan


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Pointe de Dinan


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Pointe de Dinan


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Port Merrien


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Pointe de Pen-Hir


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Pointe de Pen-Hir


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Pointe de Pen-Hir


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Rostellec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Veryach


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Veryach


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Veryach


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Landevennec


Bernard Bouffinier - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Landevennec


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Crozon


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Crozon


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Beg ar Mineou


Jacques Haine - Source: http://www.lichensmaritimes.org/index.php?task=fiche&lichen=958&lang=en
France, Beg ar Mineou


Ulrich Kirschbaum
Spain; Canary Islands: La Palma, La Gomera.


Ulrich Kirschbaum
Spain; Canary Islands: La Palma, La Gomera.



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[VZR70], Insulae Canarienses, Gran Canaria: distr. Mogán, in declivibus occidentalibus montis Guirre supra urbem Mogán, 500-600 m. Ad terram in fissuris rupium basalticarum. Leg. A. Vezda, 15.2.1993. EX A. VEZDA: LICHENES RARIORES EXSICCATI NR. 70.



Felix Schumm - CC BY-SA 4.0
[VZR70], Insulae Canarienses, Gran Canaria: distr. Mogán, in declivibus occidentalibus montis Guirre supra urbem Mogán, 500-600 m. Ad terram in fissuris rupium basalticarum. Leg. A. Vezda, 15.2.1993. EX A. VEZDA: LICHENES RARIORES EXSICCATI NR. 70.



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[11131], Portugal, Azoren, Sao Miguel: Westküste, Ponta da Ferraira, in Ritzen von porösen, schwarzen Lavablöcken in Meeresnähe, 37°51.624' N, 25°51.144' W, 0 m. Leg. F. Schumm 04.06.2003, det. F. Schumm 10.2003. - Sporen zu 8, hyalin, 2-zellig, 10,6-12 x 3,5 μm



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[11131], Portugal, Azoren, Sao Miguel: Westküste, Ponta da Ferraira, in Ritzen von porösen, schwarzen Lavablöcken in Meeresnähe, 37°51.624' N, 25°51.144' W, 0 m. Leg. F. Schumm 04.06.2003, det. F. Schumm 10.2003. - Sporen zu 8, hyalin, 2-zellig, 10,6-12 x 3,5 μm



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[11131], Portugal, Azoren, Sao Miguel: Westküste, Ponta da Ferraira, in Ritzen von porösen, schwarzen Lavablöcken in Meeresnähe, 37°51.624' N, 25°51.144' W, 0 m. Leg. F. Schumm 04.06.2003, det. F. Schumm 10.2003. - Sporen zu 8, hyalin, 2-zellig, 10,6-12 x 3,5 μm



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[11131], Portugal, Azoren, Sao Miguel: Westküste, Ponta da Ferraira, in Ritzen von porösen, schwarzen Lavablöcken in Meeresnähe, 37°51.624' N, 25°51.144' W, 0 m. Leg. F. Schumm 04.06.2003, det. F. Schumm 10.2003. - Sporen zu 8, hyalin, 2-zellig, 10,6-12 x 3,5 μm



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[11131], Portugal, Azoren, Sao Miguel: Westküste, Ponta da Ferraira, in Ritzen von porösen, schwarzen Lavablöcken in Meeresnähe, 37°51.624' N, 25°51.144' W, 0 m. Leg. F. Schumm 04.06.2003, det. F. Schumm 10.2003. - Sporen zu 8, hyalin, 2-zellig, 10,6-12 x 3,5 μm



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[11131], Portugal, Azoren, Sao Miguel: Westküste, Ponta da Ferraira, in Ritzen von porösen, schwarzen Lavablöcken in Meeresnähe, 37°51.624' N, 25°51.144' W, 0 m. Leg. F. Schumm 04.06.2003, det. F. Schumm 10.2003. - Sporen zu 8, hyalin, 2-zellig, 10,6-12 x 3,5 μm



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[11131], Portugal, Azoren, Sao Miguel: Westküste, Ponta da Ferraira, in Ritzen von porösen, schwarzen Lavablöcken in Meeresnähe, 37°51.624' N, 25°51.144' W, 0 m. Leg. F. Schumm 04.06.2003, det. F. Schumm 10.2003. - Sporen zu 8, hyalin, 2-zellig, 10,6-12 x 3,5 μm



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[11131], Portugal, Azoren, Sao Miguel: Westküste, Ponta da Ferraira, in Ritzen von porösen, schwarzen Lavablöcken in Meeresnähe, 37°51.624' N, 25°51.144' W, 0 m. Leg. F. Schumm 04.06.2003, det. F. Schumm 10.2003. - Sporen zu 8, hyalin, 2-zellig, 10,6-12 x 3,5 μm



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[11131], Portugal, Azoren, Sao Miguel: Westküste, Ponta da Ferraira, in Ritzen von porösen, schwarzen Lavablöcken in Meeresnähe, 37°51.624' N, 25°51.144' W, 0 m. Leg. F. Schumm 04.06.2003, det. F. Schumm 10.2003. - Sporen zu 8, hyalin, 2-zellig, 10,6-12 x 3,5 μm



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[11131], Portugal, Azoren, Sao Miguel: Westküste, Ponta da Ferraira, in Ritzen von porösen, schwarzen Lavablöcken in Meeresnähe, 37°51.624' N, 25°51.144' W, 0 m. Leg. F. Schumm 04.06.2003, det. F. Schumm 10.2003. - Sporen zu 8, hyalin, 2-zellig, 10,6-12 x 3,5 μm



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[11131], Portugal, Azoren, Sao Miguel: Westküste, Ponta da Ferraira, in Ritzen von porösen, schwarzen Lavablöcken in Meeresnähe, 37°51.624' N, 25°51.144' W, 0 m. Leg. F. Schumm 04.06.2003, det. F. Schumm 10.2003. - Sporen zu 8, hyalin, 2-zellig, 10,6-12 x 3,5 μm



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[11131], Portugal, Azoren, Sao Miguel: Westküste, Ponta da Ferraira, in Ritzen von porösen, schwarzen Lavablöcken in Meeresnähe, 37°51.624' N, 25°51.144' W, 0 m. Leg. F. Schumm 04.06.2003, det. F. Schumm 10.2003. - Sporen zu 8, hyalin, 2-zellig, 10,6-12 x 3,5 μm



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[11131], Portugal, Azoren, Sao Miguel: Westküste, Ponta da Ferraira, in Ritzen von porösen, schwarzen Lavablöcken in Meeresnähe, 37°51.624' N, 25°51.144' W, 0 m. Leg. F. Schumm 04.06.2003, det. F. Schumm 10.2003. - Sporen zu 8, hyalin, 2-zellig, 10,6-12 x 3,5 μm



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[11131], Portugal, Azoren, Sao Miguel: Westküste, Ponta da Ferraira, in Ritzen von porösen, schwarzen Lavablöcken in Meeresnähe, 37°51.624' N, 25°51.144' W, 0 m. Leg. F. Schumm 04.06.2003, det. F. Schumm 10.2003. - Sporen zu 8, hyalin, 2-zellig, 10,6-12 x 3,5 μm



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[11131], Portugal, Azoren, Sao Miguel: Westküste, Ponta da Ferraira, in Ritzen von porösen, schwarzen Lavablöcken in Meeresnähe, 37°51.624' N, 25°51.144' W, 0 m. Leg. F. Schumm 04.06.2003, det. F. Schumm 10.2003. - Sporen zu 8, hyalin, 2-zellig, 10,6-12 x 3,5 μm



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[VZ2369], Italia. Sardinia, distr. Cagliari: reservatum naturae Monte Arcosu, ad latera montis Lattias, 950 m. In fissurium rupium silicearum. Leg. P. L. Nimis, C. Roux, M. Tretiach et A. Vezda, 30.8.1989. EX A. VEZDA LICHENES SELECTI EXSICCATI NR. 2369.



Felix Schumm - CC BY 4.0
[VZ2369], Italia. Sardinia, distr. Cagliari: reservatum naturae Monte Arcosu, ad latera montis Lattias, 950 m. In fissurium rupium silicearum. Leg. P. L. Nimis, C. Roux, M. Tretiach et A. Vezda, 30.8.1989. EX A. VEZDA LICHENES SELECTI EXSICCATI NR. 2369.